178 
.2 



Class i 

Book. 

Copyright^ Z 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



OUTLINES OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

1785-1861 



OUTLINES 

OF 

AMERICAN HISTORY 

1785-1861 

WITH REFERENCES AND QUESTIONS 

FOR USE IN COLLEGES, NORMAL SCHOOLS, AND 
ADVANCED CLASSES IN HIGH SCHOOLS 



BY 

HOWARD W. CALDWELL 

Head Professor of American History in the 
University of Nebraska 




CHICAGO AND LINCOLN 
THE UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING CO. 
1910 




Copyright, 1910 
THE UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING CO. 



All Rights Reserved. 



R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS COMPANY 
CHICAGO 



©CU273743 



INTRODUCTION. 



(1) Outline. This outline is the result of evolution, and is the 
product of nearly twenty years experience in the teaching of 
American history in the University of Nebraska. It goes with- 
out saying that it represents the author's ideas of the things that 
may best be emphasized, and his theory in regard to the leading 
periods into which these years may be grouped in order to show 
the "evolution" of American history in its most important phases. 
No attempt has been made to include all events, or even to call 
attention to many important ones. Something has to be eliminated 
in a general course given in one year, and the omissions are made 
on the ground that on the whole the things omitted are less es- 
sential to an understanding of the "movement" of our history than 
those included. Where other teachers use these outlines as the 
basis of class work, omissions and additions may be made to suit 
conditions. 

(2) Questions. The questions may be used in whole or in part. 
They are intended to emphasize some of the most important points 
in the topic under discussion and to direct attention to matter 
not directly included in the outline. 

These questions may be used as the means for oral or written 
work or as the basis of note-book work. It is believed definiteness 
is secured when specific questions are thus given to be looked up. 

(3) References. The references include a large portion of the 
most available works on American history. An effort has been 
made to arrange the books in such an order as to give the student 
an outline of the topic in the very latest and best works on the 
point under discussion. Then more detailed or less available 
works follow. Secondary and source materials are classified sep- 
arately. Collections of sources rather than the original sources 
are given first since they are everywhere available, and very fre- 
quently include all the matter that the time of the student will 
permit him to use. No attempt has been made to make these 
references exhaustive, only usable. 

When students desire to pursue a topic into minute detail ad- 
ditional references may be found in bibliographic aids, such as 
are found in the Critical Essay in each volume of the American 
Nation Series, or in Channing and Hart Guide, in Poole, Index 
to Magazine Literature, or in the many other works on 
bibliography. 

(4) Titles. No attempt has been made to give exact titles to 
books or sets. The best known works or sets, where no proba- 
bility exists of confusion, have been referred to under the name 
of the author. 

1 



2 



INTRODUCTION 



(5) The Dewey system is used in most libraries. The cata- 
logue numbers that will enable a student to find the books on 
the shelves are as follows : 

(a) General Works. 973 to 973.8. 

(b) Biography. 923-173- 

(c) Works Statesmen. 308.73. 

(d) Slavery — Special. 326.9. 

(e) Government and Constitution. 342.73. 

(f) Diplomacy. 341 to 341.7. 

(g) Travel. 917.3. 

(h) Economic. 330.973. 

(i) Industrial. 330.973. 

(j) Bibliographical. 016.973. 

(6) Reading. No one reference will give all the information 
needed on any outline. Sometimes it will be necessary to refer to 
several works before finding answers to all the points covered in 
analysis and questions. The author also believes that the same 
topic ought to be investigated as far as time will permit in both 
secondary and source material, and when possible in two or more 
accounts. Some topics may most advantageously be begun in the 
sources, while others must be approached through secondary 
works. The up-to-date teacher will indicate from time to time 
which method to follow. 

In some cases special or specific references have been made to 
monographs, or to material that is almost essential to a rea- 
sonably intelligent study of the topic. 

The amount of reading per week will vary, but no student can 
expect to make any satisfactory preparation on less than two 
hours careful reading on each outline. Of course the number 
of pages will vary with the book, but on an average some 40 or 50 
pp. per outline should be regarded as a minimum preparation. 

(7) Texts. Each student ought to have at hand one or more 
good brief texts to use as a basis of reading, to secure continuity 
and to refer to for quick information. 

In addition the real student will begin to build up a library of 
his own. To aid such, a brief list of the most convenient works 
covering the whole period is given at the beginning of the outline. 
In addition a briefer collection is named at the introduction of 
each general period. 

(8) Personnel. The experience of the author convinces him 
that most young people who come to college have no information 
in regard even to the names of the men who have been prominent 
in our history. There has therefore been appended to each day's 
lesson the names of a few men who were prominent at the time. 
A little information in regard to each should be acquired; so 
much at least as the name of the State from which the man came, 
his chief work, and has character. Somewhat careful studies are 
outlined for the two or three men in each period who were rep- 
resentative leaders. 



INTRODUCTION 



3 



(9) Examinations, reports, &c. Oral and written reviews 
should be frequent, not so much to test for grades, as to be a part 
of the instruction. Lectures alone, readings and reports, oral 
quizzes are not enough. Written quizzes to secure definiteness and 
to let the student see just what he can do, and to inform the 
teacher of his own success, are parts of a system of instruction. 
Marks and grades should be made not the end, but only one of 
the smallest means to the end. 

(10) Hope. It is not expected that no errors have crept into 
the outline or the references, but it is hoped that in neither may 
they be very numerous; and, on the other hand, it is hoped that 
some aid may be found in this outline to the many faithful but 
hard worked teachers of American history. 



GENERAL REFERENCES, 1 785-1860. 

Secondary. The Am. Nation Series, Vols. X-XX; McMaster; 
Schouler; Woodrow Wilson, Vols. III-V; Von Hoist; Rhodes, 
Vols. I-III; The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. VII; Scrib- 
ner's History of the United States ; The Epoch Series, Vols. II 
and III; The Am. Hist. Series, Vols. III-V; The Am. States- 
man Series; The Am. Commonwealth Series; Johnston, Am. 
Politics; Woodburn-Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist; Woodburn Polit- 
ical Parties; Stanwood, History of the Presidency, Gordy, Po- 
litical Hist. ; McClure, Our Presidents and How They Are Made ; 
Fess, Political Theory and Party Organization; H. Wilson. Rise 
and Fall of Slave Power, I and II; Smith, Political Hist, of 
Slavery ; Du Bois, Suppression of the Slave Trade ; Trent, South- 
ern Statesmen of the Old Regime; Landon, Constitutional His- 
tory of U. S. ; Thorpe, A Short Constitutional History ; McClain, 
Const. Law; Bryce, Am. Commonwealth; Story, Commentaries; 
Stanwood, The Tariff Controversy; Taussig, Tariff History; 
Sparks, Expansion of the Am. People; Young, Am. Statesman; 
Dewey, Financial History; Wright, Industrial History; Coman ? 
Industrial History, Bogart, Economic History; Foster, A Cen- 
tury of Diplomacy; J. F. Jameson, Dictionary of Am. History, 
(2 vols) ; Larned, Hist, for Ready Reference (5-vols). 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, Source History; Caldwell, 
Territorial Expansion; Caldwell, Am. Legislators; MacDonald, 
Select Documents, Documentary Source Book; Hart Contempo- 
raries, III and IV; Woodburn, Am. Orations; Harding, Select 
Orations; Hill Liberty Documents; Cooper, Am. Politics; Am. 
Hist. Leaflets; Old South Leaflets; Preston, Documents; Rich- 
ardson, Messages of the Presidents; Benton, Abridgement of De- 
bates ; Moore, Digest of International Law ; Boyd Cases ; McKee, 
Party Platforms; Beard, Readings in Am. Government; Am. Pa- 
triotism; Cluskey, Political Text-Book; Statutes at Large. 



PART I 

STEPS IN THE FORMATION OF A 
DEMOCRATIC NATION, 1785-1843 



OUTLINES OF 

AMERICAN HISTORY 



CHAPTER I. 

FORMATION OF A NATIONAL CONSTITUTION, 1785-1789. 

GENERAL REFERENCES FOR PERIOD, 1 785- 1 789. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist, of the Constitution; Bancroft, 
Hist, of U. S. VI; Curtis, Hist, of the Const.; Am. Nat. S. X, 
184-317; Frothingham, 586-610; Fiske, The Critical Period, 163- 
end; McMaster, I, 391-399, 417-427, 436-502; Schouler, I, 39-79; 
Johnston, I, 72-82; Hildreth, III, 482-526; 533-539; Stephens, War 
between the States, I, 96-; Thorpe, Const. Hist., I, 291-595; II, 
6-153; W. Wilson, III, 61-98; Brown, O. Ellsworth, 107-176; 
Gordy, Pol. Hist, of U. S. I. _ 

Sources : Caldwell and Persinger, 266-284 ; Madison's Journal ; 
The Federalist; Yates Minutes; Elliott, Debates; Am. Hist. 
Leaflet, No. 28 ; Hart, Contemporaries, III ; Am. Hist. Review. 



I. STEPS IN THE FORMATION OF A DEMOCRATIC 
NATION, 1785-1843. 

A. Formation of a National Constitution, 1785- 1789. 
(1) General Conditions, 1781-1787. 

(a) Territorial Area. 

(1) External boundaries, 1783; those in dispute. 

(2) State boundaries ; those in controversy. 

(3) Formation of national' domain ; State cessions; 

area; effects; survey; sale. 

(4) Ordinance of 1787; leading provisions; author- 

ship; importance. 

(b) Population. 

(1) Total: distribution — sections; country; city; 

significance. 

(2) Negro : distribution ; slave, free. 

(c) Tendencies. 

(1) Disintegration: reasons, examples. 

(2) Sectionalism: causes, proofs. 

(3) Lawlessness : spirit, illustrations — Shay's Re - 

bellion, etc. 

(4) Reaction from democracy. 

7 



s 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(d) Forces. 

(1) Centripetal: basis in race, language, institu- 

tions, physical geography, common experi- 
ences, necessity. 

(2) Centrifugal : foundation in races, religion, cus- 

toms, early physical geography, climate, 
little commerce, long isolation. 

Questions: (1) What States had overlapping territorial claims? 
(2) What the basis of each State's claim? (3) What State did 
most to lay a foundation for a national domain? (4) What pro- 
vision made for survey of land in Ordinance of 1785? (5) How 
many and what stages in status of territories may be recognized 
in the Ordinance of 1787? (6) What States made land-cessions 
to the U. S. ? (7) Were the governmental problems simpler or 
more complex in 1785 than now? (8) Has the percentage _ of 
negroes increased or decreased? (9) What were the leading 
causes of Shay's Rebellion? (10) How did it influence the more 
conservative classes? (11) When were the foundations of State 
sovereignty laid? (12) Was there a real American people under 
the Confederation? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. X. 1-183; Schouler, 
Hist, of the U. S. I, 1-38; McMaster, Hist, of the Am. People, I, 
3-4, 8-9, 131-137, 163-166, 210-216, 299-324, 363-370, 382-383 ; John- 
ston, Am. Pol. Hist. I, 47-55; Hildreth, I, 395-403, 406-408, 465- 
468, 474; Avery, VI, 374-413; Hill, Liberty Documents, 227-243. 

Sources: Treaty of Peace, 1783; State Legislative Acts; Ordi- 
nance of 1787. 

Specific: (a) Adams, J. H. U. Studies, III, 1-54; Donaldson, 
Public Domain, 56-88; Caldwell, Territorial Expansion, 26-73; 
J. Barrett, Ordinance of 1787; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist. I, 83-105; 
McMaster, I 505-514; Hinsdale, Old North-West, 263-27Q; Fiske, 
Critical Period, 187-196; (b) Census Reports, 1790, i860, &c. ; 
Thomas, School Hist, Appendix; H. Adams, I, Ch. 1. (c) 
Burgess, Pol. Sci. and Const. Law, I, 98-101. 

(2) Breakdown of the Confederacy, 1781-1788. 

(a) Confederacy. 

(1) Definition; characteristics of; location of sov- 

ereignty in. 

(2) Previous experiments; in America; in World 

History. 

(b) Analysis of Articles. 

(1) Name, sovereignty, purpose. 

(2) Organization machinery of government; Con- 

gress, members, powers — executive, judicial, 
legislative — over army and navy, revenue, 
foreign relations, commerce. 

(3) Powers: reserved to the States; forbidden — 

to the States, to the United States ; amend- 
ment. 



FORMATION OF CONSTITUTION, 1785-1789 9 



(c) Weaknesses. 

(1) France: departments of government; a single 

house; amendments. 

(2) Internal powers : revenue — State tariff acts, 

effects; requisitions — neglect, refusal — New- 
Jersey, 1786; outcome — accumulation un- 
paid interest, debts — domestic, foreign; 
boundaries — open controversies ; New York 
vs. New Hampshire, Penn. vs. Conn., &c. 

(3) Foreign relations: with Great Britian — treaty 

1783, Tory property, British debts, the 
"posts" ; with Spain — boundaries, naviga- 
tion Miss, river, trade; with Barbary pow- 
ers — tribute, trade on the Mediterranean; 
commerce — refusal of reciprocity. 

(d) Strength. 

(1) Citizenship: inter-state. 

(2) A written instrument : definiteness ; classifica- 

tion and grant of general powers. 

(e) Amendments. 

(1) Five per cent, scheme, 1781 — outcome; reve- 
nue act, 1784-1786 — result: national control 
of commerce, 1786— failure. 

Questions: (1) What is meant by sovereignty? (2) Who exer- 
cised executive powers under the Confederacy? (3) In what cases 
did the Confederacy possess judicial powers? (4) What the 
effect of the States' right to recall and pay members of Congress? 
(5) Were the "Articles" in form in harmony with the political 
experiences of the American people? (6) How did the "Articles" 
on the whole compare with previous confederations? (7) Could 
one State under the "Articles" levy a tariff duty on imports from 
another State? (8) What questions in dispute with Great Britain 
over the treaty of 1783 — which the better of the argument? (9) 
What claim made by United States in regard to navigation of 
Miss, river? (10) Give the chief provisions of attempts to amend 
the "Articles," why fail? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. X, 53-183; 
Schouler, I, 15-38, McMaster, I, 108-416; Hildreth, III, 445-475; 
Foster, Commentaries, 1-22, 27-41 ; Woodburn, The Am. Re- 
public, 60-64; Burgess, Const. Hist, and Const. Law, 101-102, 142-. 
154; Fiske, Critical Period, 50-186; W. Wilson, The State, 470- 
473; Hill, Liberty Documents, 204-226; W. Wilson, III, 20-36; 
Gordy, Pol. Hist. I, 9-61; Walker, Making of the Nation, 1-20; 
Schouler, Ideals of the Republic, 182-206; Marshall, Washington, 
II, 75-93 ; Schouler, Constitutional Studies, 84-98 ; Bancroft, Hist, 
of the Const, I, 1-45, 1 17-132, 242-266; Curtis, Hist, of the Const. 
I, 98-228; Story, Commentaries, I, 162-193; Thorpe, Const. Hist. 
I, 276-282; Young, Am. Statesman, 53-59. 

Source : Caldwell and Persinger, 233-245 ; The Federalist, Esp. 
Nos. VII, XV-XXII; Am. Patriotism, 147-150; King, Works, I, 



10 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



112-113, 115-116 (commerce), 133-^34, 140-141 (finance), 135- 
136, 166-167, 181-184 (foreign) ; Washington, Works, IX, 139-141, 
index; Jefferson, Works (Ford ed) IV, 141-144, (commerce), 
106-108 (finance), 84-87, 94-97, 209-212, 221-222, 228-229, 263-264, 
391-392 (foreign) ; Bancroft, Hist, of Const. I, app. 485-488, 489- 
492, 504-508, 5n; Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 28; Elliott Debates, I, 
92-115. 

3-4) Formation of a National Constitution, 1780-1789. 
(3) The Constitutional Convention, 1787. 

(a) ' Definition; importance in American history. 

(b) The Call 

(1) Growth of the idea; early suggestions — by in- 

dividuals, Thos. Paine, P. Webster, Wash- 
ington, Hamilton, — by State legislatures, 
N. Y. (1783), Mass. (1785), Va. (1786). 

(2) Trade meetings : Va. and Md. at Alexandria 

and Mt. Vernon (1786) ; the Annapolis 
Convention — States present, instructions to 
N. J. delegates, address to States at Ham- 
ilton and Madison's initiative (1786). 

(3) Approval: by Congress, Feb. 21, 1787. 

(c) Sanction of Call. 

(1) Public sentiment: transformation during win- 

ter of 1786-1787. 

(2) Reasons : trade, public credit, commerce un- 

satisfactory ; the N. J. requisition contro- 
versy; failure of amendments — action N. 
Y. ; anarchy — Shay's Rebellion ; paper 
money crisis; awakening of conservative 
and well-to-do classes; making Washington 
a delegate. 

(d) Organization of Convention, May 25, 1787. 

(1) Organization: officers, rules. 

(2) Members : total number — appointed, attend- 

ing; great leaders; general character — age, 
education, class; jealousies, varying inter- 
ests ; lack precedents. 

(3) Distinguished absentees: names; reasons. 
Questions : (1) When and where was the first American Con- 
stitutional convention held? (2) How explain the coming into 
being of constitutional conventions? (3) Is the action of a con- 
stitutional convention final? (4) How explain the failure of the 
Annapolis meeting. 1786, and the success of the Convention of 
T /87? (5) Were the members of the convention in the main rad- 
icals or conservatives? (6) Why did Patrick Henry refuse to 
attend? (7) What half dozen members would you choose as most 
important — and why? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. X. 138-167, 184- 
200; McMaster, I, 300-325, 334-341, 363-366, 390-399, 417-423; 



FORMATION OF CONSTITUTION, 1785-1789 11 



Schouler, I, 2=5-38, 39"43J Fiske, Crit. Period, 168-186., 214-232; 
Gordv, I, 52-70; McMaster, With the Fathers, 107-150; Schouler, 
Ideals of the Republic, 111-132, Roosevelt, G. Morris, 108-130; 
Franklin, 397-405; Gav, Madison, 84-90; Lodge Hamilton, 49-63; 
Lodge. Washington, II, 1-36; Morse, Hamilton, 176-196; Hil- 
dreth, III, 482-484; Von Hoist, I, 1-44; Thorpe, Short Const. 
Hist. 18-34; Curtis, Hist, of Const. I, 225-314; Bancroft, Hist, of 
Const. I, 249-253, 267-278; II, 3-10; Avery, VI, 418-421; Jamison, 
The Constitutional Convention; Hunt, Madison, 108-115; Young, 
Am. Statesman, 60-61. 

Source: Caldwell and Per singer 266-268; Hart, Contemporaries 
III, 177-211; Elliott, I, 116-120, 139-143; Madison, Journal 
(Scott) 38-41; Jefferson, Works (Ford ed) IV, 424-426, 437- 
438; Washington, (Lodge ed) IX, 162, 167, 223-224, 229-230, 241- 
242, 510-512; Madison (Congress), I, 118-119, 156-157, 170-172, 
206-207, 228-229, 278-279 ; Madison, Journal : The Federalist. 

Special: Am. Hist Ass. Reports (1902), 87-168. 

(4) The Constitution, 178/. 

(a) The Convention at Work. 

(1) Powers delegates: State instructions — mean- 

ing. 

(2) Procedure: introduction plans — the Va. 

(Madison) and the Pinckney draft, May 
29; discussion of the Va. plan, May 29 — 
June 15; the New Jersey (Patterson) draft, 
June 15; the Hamilton sketch, June 18; the 
second debate on Va. plan, June 18 — July 
26; committee on detail, July 26 — Aug. 
6; third debate, Aug. 6— Sept. 12; commit- 
tee on style; final debate; signing, Sept. 17. 

(3) Compromises: large vs. small states or Con- 

necticut; representation and direct taxes — 
the three-fifths compromise; importation 
negroes and navigation; minor ones, 
(b) Result, the Constitution. 
Questions: (1) Did the members of the convention act in har- 
mony with their instructions? (2) What were the essential char- 
acteristics of each plan? (3) What two chief theories advocated 
in the Convention ? (4) What plans were regarded as representa- 
tive of each theory? (5) What do we know definitely in regard 
to the Pinckney plan? (6) What was the so-called- Connecticut 
Compromise? (7) What combination of interests secured the 
adoption of the three-fifths compromise? (8) What interests 
combined on the slave-trade compromise? (9) How well satisfied 
were the members of the convention at its close with their work? 

General References, Secondary : Am. Nat. S. X. 201-276; 
McMaster I, 438-453; Schouler, I, 41-53; Gordy, I, 75-91 ; Hildreth, 
III, 484-530; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 591-599; Fiske, 
Critical Period, 230-305; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist., I, 70-82; Von 



12 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



Hoist. I, 44-53; H. Wilson, I, 39-56; Avery, VI, 421-437; Brown 
Ellsworth, 107-176; Foster, Commentaries 80-92; Story, Commen- 
taries I, 194-205; Young, Am. Statesman, 61-73; Lodge, Hamilton, 
49-82; Roosevelt, G. Morris, 120-145; Morse, Hamilton, 191- 
238; Lodge, Washington II, 1-46; Bancroft, Hist, of Const. II, 
10-222; Curtis, Hist, of Const. I, 333-622; Thorpe, Const. Hist. I, 
314-595; Short Const. Hist, 38-81; Burgess, Const. Hist, and 
Const. Law, I, 102-108. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 268-282; Hart, Contempora- 
ries, III, 211-232; Elliott, Debates, I, 143-320; Madison Journal; 
Yates, Minutes in Elliott, I, 389-482; Bancroft, Hist, of Const, II, 
App.. 421-423, 424-425; Documentary Hist, ofl Const, of U. S., 
5 volumes. 

Special: Am. Hist. Review, III, 310-334; IX, 479-489; X, 97- 
109; XIII, 44-65; Annual Report, Am. Hist. Ass., (1903) 71-84, 
Pol. Sci. Q. 1897. 

(5) The Constitution Before the People, 1787-1790. 

(a) Division of Opinion. 

(1) Federalists: right to name; for ratification; 

composition; location greatest strength; 
leading arguments ; reasons for success. 

(2) Anti-Federalists: name; membership; loca- 

tion of greatest strength; chief arguments; 
leaders ; reasons for failure. 

(b) Action and Results. 

(1) By Congress: approval; recommendation to 

States ; spirit. 

(2) By States: 1787 — Dec. 6, Del. (unanimous), 

Dec. 12, Pa. (46-23), Dec. 18, N. J. (unani- 
mous) ; 1788— Jan. 2, Ga. (unanimous), 
Jan. 9, Conn. (128-40), Feb. 7, Mass. (189- 
179), Apr. 28, Md. (63-n), May 23, S. C. 
(149-73), June 21, N. H. (57-46), June 25, 
Va. (89-79), July 26, N. Y. (30-27) ; 1789— 
Nov. 21, N. C. (193-75); 1790— May 29, 
R. I. (34-32). 

(3) Suggestions: amendments — first by Mass.; 

of a second convention. 

(c) Problems. 

(1) Ratification: forms, in whose name, on what 

times and conditions; theories. 

(2) Sources: Dutch in substance — Douglas Camp- 

bell; English imitation — Sir Henry Maine; 
original with Convention — Gladstone; a 
colonial product in main — Fisher; a com- 
posite — general view. 

(3) Relatively new features: a # written instru- 

ment; constitutional function of Supreme 
Court; attempt at dual statehood; popular 



FORMATION OF CONSTITUTION, 1785-1789 13 



sovereignty; elaborate scheme of checks 

and balances; securing good government 

by means of machinery. 
(4) Some of unsettled issues : status slavery ; 

tenure of officials; acquisition territory; 

right of secession; bill of rights, &c. 
Questions: (i) In what States was the opposition to the Con- 
stitution strongest — how explain? (2) What interest was almost 
solidly for; what one largely against? (3) What attitude did 
former tories take towards the Constitution? (4) Did the States 
in accepting the Constitution believe their acceptance was irrevo- 
cable? (5) Who ratified the Constitution? (6) What unique 
function does our Supreme Court perform? (7) Has the at- 
tempted division of sovereignty succeeded? (8) Were Rhode 
Island and North Carolina ever out of the Union? (9) What do 
you understand by a system of checks and balances? — illustrate. 
(10) Name the source material for a study of the Constitutional 
Convention. 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. X. 277-317; Mc- 
Master, I, 454-524; Schouler, I, 53-79; W. Wilson Hist, Am. 
People, III, 94-98; Gordy, I, 92-102; Hildreth, III, 530, 533"539; 
IV, 25-27; Von Hoist, I, 53-63; Fiske, Critical Period, 306-345; 
Schouler, Const. Studies, 99-200; D. Campbell, The Puritans in 
their Three Houses, I, 1-89; Story, Commentaries, I, 206-220; 
W. Wilson, The State, 452f; Thorpe, Short Const. Hist. 82-91; 
Young, Am. Statesman, 73-74; Morgan, The True Patrick Henry, 
327-364; Gay, Madison, 110-121; Magruder, Marshall, 56-86; 
Morse, Hamilton, 238-275; Lodge, Hamilton, 64-79; Hunt, Madi- 
son, 137-166; Lodge, Washington II, 36-41. 

Source : Caldwell and Persinger, 278-284 ; Hart, Contempo- 
raries, III, 233-254; Stephens, War Between the States, I, ch. 4; 
Elliott. Debates, I, 318-337; II; III; Wilson 453f, Marshall 222- 
236, Madison 66-97, P. Henry I37f ; Ford, Essays ; The Federalist 
and Other Papers; Harding, Select Orations, 47-51, 52-121. 

Special: Libby, Bulletin, Uni. of Wisconsin, I (1894) ; An- 
nals of Am. Academy, I, 203-243, 529-557; Douglas Campbell, 
The Puritan in His Three Houses, 1-89; Hosmer's Anglo-Saxon 
Freedom; Stephens Sources of the Constitution; Maine, Essays 
on Popular Govt.; Fisher, Evolution of the Const. 



CHAPTER II. 



INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION, 1789-1801. 

General References/ for the Period, 1789-1801. 

Secondary: American Nation Series, Vol. XI; McMaster, I, 525- 
604; II, 1-582; Schouler, I, 84-514; Hildreth, IV, V, 1-418; Gordy, 

I, 75-38o; W. Wilson, III, 98-174; Scribner, IV, 104-144; Winsor 
Narrative and Critical History, VII, Table Contents; Johnston, 
Am. Pol. Hist., I, 106-252; Fess, Political Theory and Party Or- 
ganization, 1-90; Young, Am. Statesman, 75-195; Roosevelt, Win- 
ning of the West, III, 231-330; IV, 1-213; Lodge, Washington, 

II, 48-395; Lodge, Hamilton, 84-236; Morse, Hamilton I, 276-425; 
Merwin, Jefferson, 82-112; Schouler, Jefferson, 153-197; Randall, 
Jefferson, I, 594-645, II, 1-483; Adams, Gallatin, 76-266; Gay, 
Madison, 110-246; Landon, Constitutional History, 97-134; 
Thorpe, Short Constitutional Hist., 82-130; Trescott, Diplomacy 
of the Administrations of Washington and Adams ; Foster, Cen- 
tury of Diplomacy, 136-181 ; Dewey, Financial Hist, of U. S., 60- 
115; Coman, Industrial Hist, 129-170; H. Wilson, I, 57-78; El- 
son, Hist. U. S., 337S75; Stanwood, Hist, of the Presidency, 
1-53. 

Source : Caldwell and Persinger, 285-307 ; MacDonald, Select 
Documents, 46-160; Hart, Contemporaries, III, 282-339; Writ- 
ings Washington (Sparks ed.); IX, 457-482, X, XI, XII; Mac- 
kay, Journal; Jefferson Works (Ford) V, VI, VII; Hamilton, 
Works (Lodge) Index, Benton, I, II, 1-539; Richardson, Mes- 
sages, I, 1-321. 

B. Interpretation of the Constitution, Broad Construc- 
tion; Government by Class; the Federal- 
ists, 1789-1801. 
(1) Leaders of Federal Period, 1789-1801. 

(a) George Washington. 

(1) Early Years: family, birth, environment, per- 

sonal appearance, education: surveyor, 
soldier. 

(2) Characteristics : moral — honesty, unselfishness, 

love justice, temper — self-control, courage; 
intellectual — orderliness, judgment, devo- 
tion to public welfare, dignity, common 

sense. 

(3) Soldier : career — qualities. 

(4) Statesman : during revolution and confedera- 

tion; preparation for presidency. 

(b) John Adams. 

(1) The Adams family: his surroundings, educa- 
tion, career in Massachusetts. 
14 



INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION 15 



(2) Revolutionary leader : in Mass. legisla- 
ture; in Congress; as a diplomat, 1783-89. 
(3) Characteristics: scholar, author, writer on 
government; moral-puritanic, egotistic, 
jealous; intellectual — cold, logical; patri- 
otic, intensely American, 
(c) Alexander Hamilton. 

(1) Early life: families, birth, life in West Indies 

— clerk, student, writer, education. 

(2) In America: education; espouses Am. cause — 

speeches, writings. 

(3) Revolutionary Career: in army with Wash- 

ington, student of law, marriage. 

(4) Characteristics : simple, open, bold, dashing, 

brilliant, precocious ; not omniscient in 
tastes; direct in methods; honest, just, 
moral in main. 

(5) Interests: political — government, legal; mili- 

tary ; financial ; administrative ; education ; 
the practical. 

(6) Principals : aristrocratic, paternalistic, lover of 

order, law, system, authority, precedent, 
industry. 

(7) Powers : deficiences — not a creator, nor ideal- 

ist; not good leader of men — only of lead- 
ers ; little faith in fellow men ; strength — an 
orator, logician, administrator, financier. 

Questions: (1) Describe Washington's personal appearance. 
(2) What were two of his greatest qualities? (3) What acts of 
Washington mark the statesman? (4) Compare the education of 
Washington and Adams. (5) What qualities of Adams had given 
him the foremost place among New England statesmen? (6) 
In what respects was Hamilton the superior of both Washington 
and Adams? (7) In what qualities inferior to both? (8) Com- 
pare the three men in moral qualities. (9) What especial work 
had each done previous to 1789? 

References: (a) "Washington"; Lodge, Washington, 2 vols. ; 
Ford, The True Geo. Washington; W. Wilson, Washington; Irv- 
ing, Washington, 5 vols.; Marshall, Washington, 2 vols.; Wistar, 
Seven Ages of Washington; Trent, Southern Statesmen of Old 
Regime, 3-45; Sparks, Men Who Made the Nation; Everett, 
Washington; Ames, Works, 115-133; Schouler, I, 133-139, 350- 
357, index ; Am. Nat. S. and all general histories ; Poole, Magazine 
Lit. 

Source: Works — Editions by Sparks, by Ford; Richardson, 
Messages, Vol. I, 42-224. 

(b) "J. Adams"; Morse, Adams; Chamberlain, The Statesman 
of the Revolution; Sparks, Men Who Made the Nation, 79-118; 
McClure, Our Presidents, 7-20 ; Am. Hist. Review, II, 241-261 ; 
IV, 292-312; New Eng. Mag. U. S., XVI, 179-193; Arena, XXIV, 



16 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



31-46; Schouler, I, 505-512 and index; All general histories; 
Poole, Magazine Lit. 

Source: Works, Edition by C. F. Adams; Familiar Letters; 
Richardson, Messages, I, 228-316; Hart, Contemporaries, III, 
205-211, 319-321, Am. Patriotism, 150-177. 

(c) "A. Hamilton" ; Sumner, Hamilton; Lodge, Hamilton; 
Morse, Hamilton, 2 vols.; Oliver, Hamilton; Shea, Hamilton, 
Smucker, Hamilton; Ames, Works, 282-290; J. C. Hamilton, 
History of the Republic, 7 vols.; Sparks, Men Who Made the 
Nation, 151-180; Lodge, Studies in History, 132-181 ; Schouler, I, 
144-152, 185-193, 231-237, 263-275, 416-425 and index; Gordy, Am. 
Politics, I, 108-117; Fiske, Essays, I, 101-142; All General histo- 
ries ; Poole, Index. 

Source: Works, Federal Edition, 12 vols.; MacDonald, Select 
Documents, 46-112; Hart, Contemporaries, III, 205-211, 286-289; 
Annals of Congress. 

(2) Putting the New Government into Operation, 1789- 
1790. 

(a) Elections. 

(1) Choosing presidential electors: by whose au- 

thority, methods; votes — number, distribu- 
tion; election — Washington, Adams; notifi- 
cations; journey to New York. 

(2) Congressional elections: House, Senate; Fed- 

eral majority; delay in meeting — causes, 
effects. 

(b) Congress. 

(1) Organization: House, April 1; Senate, April 

6. 

(2) Counting electoral vote: method. 

(3) House: number, rules, committees, spirit. 

(4) Senate: number, an "upper" house; secret 

sessions; committees. 

(5) Legislation: oath of office; tariff bill; crea- 

tion departments — State, treasury, war 
and navy, att'y gen.; question of removal 
of officers — various theories; department 
of justice, courts, att'y-gen., jurisdiction; 
payment members — House, Senate, general 
salaries. 

(c) The President. 

(1) Inauguration: address, replies ; English prece- 

dents; receptions, levees, calls, dinners, 
titles. 

(2) The Cabinet: State (Jefferson), Treasury 

(Hamilton), War and Navy (Knox), 
Atty-Gen. (E. Randolph) ; theory of ap- 
pointments ; question of seats in Congress. 



INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION 17 



(d) The Judiciary. 

(i)Act, Sept. 24: Courts — Supreme — six judges; 
inferior, Circuit, District — number; sal- 
aries: jurisdiction, lack of importance of 
early courts. 

(e) Personnel: From what State; what chief work, 

leading characteristics : J. Jay, E. Ran- 
dolph, H. Knox, J. Wilson, R. King, J. A. 
Muhlenberg. 

Questions: (1) How many votes did each presidential elector, 
1789, cast for president? explain, (2) How were presidential 
electors chosen in this first election? (3) After what body did 
the Senate attempt to copy, 1789? (4) Out of what clause in the 
Constitution did the cabinet originate? (5) Name the theories in 
regard to removal of appointive officers — which triumphed? 
(6) Who sat as circuit judges in these early days? (7) Why 
was Washington so ceremonious? (8) Give some representative 
salaries ; (9) Who was the administration leader in the House, 
1789-91? (10) Have there been essential changes in the govern- 
mental organizations established by this first Congress? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XI, 1-26; McMas- 
ter, I, 525-545> 562-567; Schouler, I, 79-96, 103-108, 1 16-140; 
Johnston, Pol. Hist, I, 106-114; Lodge, Washington, II, 48-77; 
Walker, Making of the Nation, 62-72; W. Wilson, Hist. Am. 
People, III, 98-114; Moore, Am. Congress, 105-142; Hildreth, 
IV, 37-64, 102-109, * 2 4- 12 7> 134; Curtis, Const. Hist., II, 107-166; 
177-202, Morse, J. Adams, 241-254; Morse, Jefferson, 87-106; 
Morse, Hamilton, I, 276-286; Hunt, Madison, 161-178; Gay, Mad- 
ison, 122-143; Wilson, G. Washington, 265-282; Stanwood, Hist, 
of Presidency, 1-31; McClure, Our Presidents, 1-6; Thorpe, 
Const. Hist, II, 154-180; McMaster, With the Fathers, 150-181 ; 
Randall, Jefferson, I, 504f; Poole, Index; Landon Const. Hist 
97-100. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 286-289; Maclay, 1-206; Hart, 
Contemporaries, III, 255-276; Benton, Abridgments, I; Annals 
of Congress, I; Statutes at Large; Works, Washington, Jeffer- 
son, Madison, Hamilton, J. Adams, etc. 

3-4: Hamilton's Financial Plans, 1790-1792. 
(3) The Public Debt 

(a) Conditions and problems. 

(1) Description in report on "Public Credit" : a 

nation without credit, with great debt, ac- 
cumulating interest. 

(2) Remedies : assumption state debts ; funding 

all debts; establishment of national bank, 
securing adequate revenue, development of 
industries. 

(3) Purposes: financial — restoration of country's 

credit; political — development of nation's 



18 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



constitutional powers, attachment of 
wealthy and powerful classes to adminis- 
tration. 

(b) The debt. 

( 1 ) Foreign : amount, fund at par, terms, public 

sentiment. 

(2) Domestic: par value, market value; fund — on 

what terms ; debate, theories, decision. 

(3) State debts: amount; assumption — arguments 

for, against; bitter discussion; decision — 
relation to location of capital. 

(c) Revenue. 

(1) Amount: basis of estimation. 

(2) Sources: tariff — rates, articles, purposes; 

excises — rates, articles, public sentiment; 
land — terms sale, amount revenue, policy. 

(d) Personnel: Giles, Maclay, R. Morris, A. Baldwin. 
Questions: (1) What question arose in regard to how Hamil- 
ton's report on "public credit" should be presented to Congress? 
(2) In what forms did the domestic debt exist in 1789? (3) 
What is meant by funding? (4) Did funding lessen the debt? 
(5) If not what advantage gained? (6) What was the difference 
between the par and the market value of the domestic debt? 
(7) What is meant by assumption of state debts? (8) Did as- 
sumption tend in any way to nationalize the country? (9) How 
was assumption finally carried? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XI, 27-38; 
Schouler, I, 144-156; McMaster, I, 566-592; Hildreth, IV, 65-101, 
152-174, 206-218; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist. I, 106-114; Walker, 
Making the Nation, 78-82; Von Hoist, I, 80-104; Moore, Am. 
Congress, 136-142; Young, Am. Statesman, 75-86; Gordy, I, 118- 
130; Morse, _ Hamilton, I, 287-332; Lodge, Hamilton, 83-101; 
Oliver, Hamilton, 206-225; Sumner, Hamilton, 144-162; Lodge, 
Washington, II, 106- 112; W. Wilson, Washington, 282-288; Gay, 
•Madison, 144-152; Hunt, Madison, 179-190, 197-200; Randall, 
Jefferson, I, 603-611; Landon, Const. Hist, 103-108; Dewey, 
Financial Hist., 76-96; Bolles, Financial Hist. II, 3-126; Gibbs, 
Administrations of Washington and Adams, I, 28-560. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 289-290; Ames State, Docu- 
ments, 4-7; MacDonald, Select Documents, 46-66, 98-112 ; Hamil- 
ton, Republic of U. S., IV, 37-60, 67-77, 85-109 ; Hamilton, Works, 
(Lodge ed.) II, 227-291, 337-368; Dunbar, Currency; Elliott, 
Funding System, 23-50, 91-95: Benton, Abridgment, I, 182-184, 
190-201. 211-228; Annals of Congress, II, 2041-2082. 

Special: (b) Am. Hist. Ass. Reports (1898), 289-298. 

(4) Financial and Industrial Problems. 
(a) A National Bank, 1791. 

(1) Banking conditions: number State banks; 
public opinion. 



INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION 19 



(2) The charter: provisions — term, capital, gov- 

ernment, powers — issues, branches, rate in- 
terest, etc. 

(3) Arguments: for — a public convenience, ex- 

pand circulating medium, enlarge national 
means of borrowing, etc. ; against — expe- 
diency — rates interest, etc. ; constitution- 
ality — leaders. Jefferson, Madison, Ran- 
dolph; arguments — Jefferson vs. Hamilton. 

(4) Results : development — parties, different in- 

terpretation of the Constitution — broad vs. 
strict; granted, implied, resulting powers. 

(b) Industry. 

(1) Report on Manufactures, 1792: conditions, 

outlook, future. 

(2) Protection : arguments ; extent, permanency. 

(c) Personnel: O. Walcott, T. Coxe, R. Goodhue, J. 

Jackson, E. Boudinot, John Lawrence, 
Wm. Smith. 

Questions: (1) What banks existed in U. S. in 1790? (2) Why 
so few? (3) What arguments against the expediency of estab- 
lishing banks were made? (4) What were the leading constitu- 
tional arguments against a national bank? (5) Summarize Ham- 
ilton's constitutional arguments for a national bank. (6) What 
do you understand by strict construction? (7) Did Madison rec- 
ognize any implied powers? (8) Hew many and what kind of 
powers did Hamilton find in the Constitution? (9) What the 
difference between an "implied'' and a "resulting" power? 
(10) Did Hamilton's measures tend to centralize power? 

General Reference, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XI, 38-41; 
Schouler, I, 174-180; McMaster, II, 28-42; Hildreth, IV, 256- 
267; Gordy, I, 130-145; Walker, Making the Nation, 82-87; 
Moore, Am. Congress., 144-146; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist., I, 114- 
122; Young, Am. Statesman, 86-92; Lodge, Hamilton, 101-114; 
Oliver, Hamilton, 225-248: Morse, Hamilton, I, 333-347, 357- 
369; Sumner, Hamilton, 162-170: Randall, Jefferson, I, 628-630; 
Landon, Const. Hist., 112-115; Dewey, Financial Hist., 98-101; 
Sumner, Hist, of Banking, 22-57; Bolles, Financial Hist., I, 
127-155; Gibbs, I, 60-69. 

Source : Caldwell and Persinger, 290-294 ; MacDonald, Select 
Documents. 67-112: Clark and Hall, Hist, of Banking, 8-114; 
Hamilton, Works (Lodge ed.) V, 284f ; National Edition, index; 
Benton, Abridgment, I, 272; Finance Reports, 54-77; Am. State 
Papers, Finance, I, 67-76; Annals of Congress. II, 2082-21 12. 

Special: (a) Hamilton, Works (National ed.) Ill, 388-443, 
445-493; McCulloch vs. Md. Boyd Cases, Thayer Cases, I, 27if; 
Hart, Contemporaries, III, 276-281. (b) Hamilton, Works, IV, 
70-192; MacDonald, Select Documents, 98-112; Taussig, State 
Papers on Tariff. 



20 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(5) Formation of Political Parties, 1789-1801. 

(a) Historical Basis. 

(1) In Whigs and Tories of Revolution; in Fed- 
eralists and Anti-Federalists of 1787-1789. 

(b) The Federalists, 1791-1801. 

(1) Party of initiation: in power. 

(2) Domestic policies: forms and ceremonies in 

government; funding, assumption, a na- 
tional bank; interpretation of the constitu- 
tion; paternalism; political capacity of 
masses ; force in government ; dependence 
in government on class support; army, 
navy. 

(3) Foreign attitude : toward French Revolution, 

English and French war. 

(4) Composition: classes, sectional strength, 

"interests." 

(c) Republicans, 1792-1801. 

(1) Party of criticism: out of power. 

(2) Principles : in regard to the theory of govern- 

ment — rule of few or the many, the nature 
and interpretation of the constitution, 
foreign relations and policies, the practical 
problems — taxation, army extent power, 
bank, &c. 

(3) Composition : dominant "interests," sectional 

strength, tendencies. 

(d) Personnel: Geo. Clinton, Thos. Mifflin, R. Gris- 

wold, U. Tracy, Theo. Bland. 

Questions: (1) Why did anti-Federalists disappear? (2) 
Were the Federalists of 1788 the same as the Federalists of 1793- 
95? (3) Chief factors that led to reorganization of parties, 1791- 
93. (4) What was the first essential question under the constitu- 
tion that began to cause party formation? (5) What do you 
understand by paternalism in government? (6) Which party was 
1 "strict" construction party? (7) Why did the republican party 
come into being? (8) What Federal party theories are rejected 
to-day by all parties? (9) What principles of the Republicans 
are accepted by all? (10) Leading factors in making the two 
parties so largely sectional. (11) What classes and interests 
largely in the Federal party? 1 (12) Which party on the whole 
has your sympathy — Why? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XI, 42-55; Gordy, 
I, 92-200; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist., I, 203-233; Woodburn, Pol. 
Parties, 13-30; Schouler, I, 180-237; McMaster, With the Fathers, 
71-86; McMaster, II, 49-53, 89-105, 108-112; Hopkins, Pol. Parties, 
1-49; Hildreth, IV, 249-250, 287-300; 321-272; Randall, Life of 
Jefferson, I, 633-645; II, 68-93; Morse, J. Adams, 249-260; 
Schouler, Jefferson, 159-176; Morse, Jefferson, 114-129; Morse, 
Hamilton, I, 370-425; Lodge, Hamilton, 11 5-1 50; Oliver, Hamilton, 



INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION 21 



200-440; Hunt, Madison, 201-222; Gay, Madison, 164-206; Wilson, 
Washington, 294-303; Lodge, Washington, 220-274; Alexander, 
A Pol. Hist, of N. Y., I, 37-63; Bryce, Am. Commonwealth, I, 
636-643; Von Hoist, I, 80-137; Winsor, VII, 267; Stanwood, 
Hist, of Presidency, 1-41 ; Fiske, Essays, I, 101-218; Sparks, Men 
Who Made the Nation; Tucker, Jefferson, I, 427-457; Gibbs, I, 
77-79 \ Young, Am. Statesman, 95-108. 

Source: Hart Contemporaries, III, 282-301, Jefferson, Works, 
(Ford ed.), V, 76-77 83, 136, 275, 282, VI, 90, 95, 116, 195, 250, 251, 
101-109; Monroe, Works, I, 39-40, 44-45, 84-86. Lodge Cabot, 
57-59, 74; Washington, Works, (Sparks ed.), X, 525-26. 

6-7: Dominance of Foreign Relations: 1793-1795. 
(6) Former Allies. 

(a) Spain, 1789-1795. 

(1) Spanish jealousy: effect of revolutions; prin- 

ciples. 

(2) Issues : navigation of Miss, river — in treaty 

of 1783, in international law ; boundaries — 
west, south ; Spanish demands, 1782-1783 ; 
disputed areas, 1783-1795; negotiations, 
I790-I795. 

(3) Treaty of 1795: Pinckney — Godoy; reasons 

for the treaty — European conditions ; 
terms — in regard to navigation of Miss, 
river, Florida boundary, "place of deposit;" 
effects. 

(b) France, 179 2- 179 5. 

(1) Treaties 1778 and 1788: friendship, com- 

merce, consular; mutual duties under 

treaties in regard to — territorial posses- 
sions, privateers of enemies — French inter- 
pretation, prizes, "free ships, free goods," 

contraband of war — provisions, consular 

courts. 

(2) The French Revolution : Constitutional mon- 

archy, 1789-1792; Republic, 1792 — Ameri- 
can rejoicing; "Reign of Terror," 1793- 
1794; and Wars, 1 792-1 801 ; division of 
Am. people over — reasons; sectional ten- 
dency — reasons; "Democratic societies." 

(3) Problems: French treaties — interpretation; 

neutrality — proclamation, April, 1793 ; 
Genet — his Course, privateers, invasion 
Spanish territory, consular courts, appeal 
to American people; danger of war, 1793, 
recall; Monroe to France, 1794-1796; his 
course, criticism, recall; better relations, 
1794-1796. 

(c) Personnel: Godoy, Genet, C. C. Pinckney, Th. 

Pinckney. 



22 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



Questions: (i) Why was Spain always antagonistic to U. S? 
(2) On what grounds did U. S. claim right to navigate the Miss. 
river? (3) What was meant by New Orleans as a "place of 
deposit"? (4) What social influence of French Revolution in U. 
S.? (5) What political influence due to "Reign of Terror"? (6) 
Why neutrality policy so important to U. S. ? (7) Should Monroe 
be condemned for course in France? (8) Why New Eng. so in- 
tensely Anti-French? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XI, 69-100; 
Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist, I, 131-147; Schouler, I, 250-274; Mc- 
Master, II, 89-125, 136-140; Ogg. Opening of the Mississippi, 
414-459; Hildreth, IV, 411-442, 645-680; Gordy, I, 159-200; W. 
Wilson, III, 129-136; Von Hoist, I, 1 12-122; Gibbs, I, 89-106; 
Tucker, Jefferson, I, 461-523; Randall, Jefferson, II, 120-185; 
Morse, Jefferson, 130-147; Morse, Hamilton, II, 67-147; Lodge, 
Hamilton, 151-184; W. Wilson, Washington, 289-293, 296-301; 
Lodge, Washington, II, 130-165; Irving, Washington, V, 76-80, 
96-104, 156-197, Winsor, Narrative and Critical Hist. VII, ch. 7; 
Cambridge, Modern History, VII, 317-321 ; Andrews, II, 243- 
255; Foster, Century of Am. Diplomacy, 136-158; Trescott, Di- 
plomacy, 129-176, 225-267; Lyman, Diplomacy, I, 22-69, 209-282; 
Moore, Am. Diplomacy, 33-49; Chadwick, Relations of the U. S. 
and Spain, 17-41 ; Young, Am. Statesman, 108-121 ; Marshall, 
Washington, II, 253-288; McElroy, Ky. in the Nation's History, 
167-184. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 294-295; McDonald, Select 
Docs., 112-114; Documentary Source Book, 243-244; Snow, Am. 
Diplomacy, 26-38, 106-109; Wharton, Digest, II, 1 18-128, 272-277-, 
Moore, Digest, V, 336, 588-591, 849-855 ; Richardson, Messages, I, 
156-158; Treaties, 296, 307, 310, 316; Washington, Works (Sparks) 
X, 533-535; Jefferson, Works (Ford) VI, 217, 219-231. 

Specific: (a) Am. Hist. Review, IV, 62-79. (b) Hart, Contem- 
poraries, III, 303-312; Am. Hist. R., Ill, 650-671; Am. Hist. Ass. 
Reports (1895) 455-466. 

(7) Great Britain, 1789-1796. 

(a) Treaty, 1783. 

(1) Non-fulfillment of its, terms: negroes, "posts/' 
debts of American merchants, Tory prop- 
erty; negotiations, 1783-1794 — failure; no 
minister from England. 

(b) International law questions in dispute. 

(1) "Free ships, free goods" — meaning, contraband 

of war — (provisions, impressment sailors — 
right of individual expatriation; "rule of 
1756" — enforcement, seizure of Am. ves- 
sels in West Indies; whole of neutral 
rights and duties. 

(2) Result: American preparation for war; crea- 

tion of a navy ; increase of army, embargo 



INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION 23 



— 1794; threat of sequestration and non- 
intercourse. 

(c) Jay Treaty, 1794-1796. 

(1) Negotiations: renewal^ English modification 

of orders ; Jay — qualifications, spirit. 

(2) Treaty: terms — "posts/' negroes, sequestra- 

tion, "free ships/' provisions, West Indian 
trade, claims — arbitration; excitement, un- 
popularity, criticisms; ratification — attitude 
Washington, Federalists, Republicans ; vote 
in Senate; improved relations, 1795-1805. 

(d) Personnel: John Jay; Fisher Ames; J. Rutledge, 

E. Livingston. 

Question: (1) Under what circumstances was the "Rule of 
1756" proclaimed? (2) How did it affect the U. S. in 1794? 
(3) Which nation more at fault for non-fulfillment of treaty of 
1783? (4) What greatest advantage in Jay Treaty? (5) What 
great principle recognized in the treaty? (6) What article re- 
jected and why? (7) Why was the treaty so unpopular? (8) 
Was the U. S. right in its stand on international law questions? 
(9) Was its diplomacy commendable? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XI, 117-135; 
Schouler, I, 282-286, 304-332; McMaster, II, 165-188, 212-235. 
245-259, 263-284, 285-289; Hildreth, IV, 482-497, 539"564> 584-615; 
Gordy, I, 215-264; Lodge, Washington, II, 174-189, 206-219; Gay, 
Madison, 207-218; Hunt, Madison, 223-234; Lodge, Hamilton, 
173-187; Morse, Hamilton, 172-219; Randall, Jefferson. II, 265- 
279; Tucker, Jefferson, I, 538-545, 558-577; Adams, Gallatin, 158- 
166 Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist. I, 144-160; Pellew, Jay, 294-317; 
Jay, Life of J. Jay, I, 306-354; Andrews II, 231-241 ; Irving, Wash- 
ington, V, 239-260; Lyman, Diplomacy, I, 154-208; Trescott, 
Diplomacy, 63-128; Foster, A Century of Diplomacy, 158-176; 
Gibbs, I, 218; Young, Am. Statesman, 121-141 ; Moore, Am. 
Diplomacy, 49-57. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 295-299; MacDonald, Select 
Docs. 1 14-130, Documentary Source Book, 244-258; Treaties and 
Conventions, 379; Hart, Contemp., Ill, 312-319; American Ora- 
tions. I, 84-11 1, 112-143; American Oratory, 94; Monroe, Works, 
II, 154, 347; King, Works, 523-525; Jefferson, Works, (Ford), 
VI, 467-469, 503-505 ; Ames, Works, 58-93 ; Harding, Select Ora- 
tions, 123-149; Snow, Am. Diplomacy, 69-73; Jay, Correspondence 
(Johnston) IV, 3-49, 132-152, 154-162. 

Special: (b) Western Ports and British Debts: Am. Hist. 
Ass. Reports, (1894), 4 J 3"444; Jay's Treaty and Slavery, Am. 
Hist. Ass. Reports (1901), 273-298. 

(8) Internal Problems and Development, 1789-1796. 
(a) Grozi'th. 

(1) Amendments: question of necessity — Mad ; - 
son's position ; nature of amendments ; their 



24 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



formation; location in or at end of consti- 
tution; adoption — number of states neces- 
sary; importance — analysis of provisions; 
effect. 

(2) New States: names, previous status; questions 
at issue; method of transformation into 
statehood. 

(b) Testing efficiency of new government. 

(1) Indian Wars, 1790-1795 : causes — pressure to 

west; campaigns, generals, results — on 
army, in cession of Indian lands. 

(2) Whiskey Insurrection; in Pa. 1794; causes — 

character of settlers, frontier conditions, in- 
dustrial problems — excise tax on whiskey, 
market for grain; unpopularity of excise — 
reasons ; organized resistance ; call for 
militia — response; march to Pittsburg; col- 
lapse of insurrection; treason trials — par- 
dons ; outcome — enforcement law ; consti- 
tution upheld. 

(3) The Chisholm Case; issue — right of individual 

to sue a sovereign State; question before 
Supreme Court — decision; popular opposi- 
tion, result — the eleventh Amendment, 
1794-1798; terms, effects, significance. 

(4) Jay Treaty: a party question; Hamilton and 

Ames vs. Madison and Gallatin ; right of 
House in treaties — to possession of 
"papers/'' to exercise of discretion in ap- 
propriations and legislation to carry them 
into operation; when a treaty the "law of 
the land" ; result — importance as a prece- 
dent. 

(c) Personnel: H. Lee, H. H. Brackenridge, Wm. 

Cushing. R. G. Harper, A. St. Clair, A. 
Wayne. 

Questions: (1) Did the first ten amendments add anything 
essential to the constitution? (2) To whom do the first ten amend- 
ments apply — the United States, the States, or both? (3) Was 
the nth amendment favorable to localism or nationality? (4) 
What had been Vermont's history before statehood? (5) What 
the location of the Indian tribes involved in Indian wars of 1790- 
1/95? (6) What the essential lesson of the Whiskey Rebellion? 
(7) What reasons for the bitter hostility of the Western settlers 
to the excise tax? (8) Has the House any discretion in regard 
to making appropriations to carry a treaty into effect? (9^ When 
is a treaty "the law of the land?" 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XL 22-26, 114, 
101-116, 134-135; Schouler, I, 113-115, 288-289, 208-213. 290-297; 
McMaster, I, 597-604. IT, 44-47, 67-72, 189-203, 263-281 ; Hildreth. 



INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION 25 



IV, 1 12-124, 247-248, 283-285, 498-520, 685-702, Johnston, Am. Pol. 
Hist. 124-130, 228-230; Gordy, I, 201-214, 255-264; Stevens, Galla- 
tin, 67-96, 109-115, 120-123; Morse, Adams, 257-268; Randall, 
Jefferson, 311-331; Morse, Jefferson, 151-159; Morse, Hamilton, 
II, 212-219, 220-228; Thorpe, Const. Hist. II, 199-263, 264-294; 
Landon, Const. Hist. 117; Story, Commentaries, II, Sec. 1857; 
Gibbs, Washington and Adams Ad. 143-163 ; Thorpe, Short Const. 
Hist... Tucker, Jefferson, I, 594-607, Morris, Half Hours, II, 180- 
189; Irving, Washington, V, 83-87, 105-117, 220-238; McElroy, 
Ky. 1 14-146; Austin Expansion, 100-116. 

Source: Richardson Messages, I, 87-97; Benton, Abridgment, 
I, 47-48.. 133-137, 138-144, 547-555, 639-754; Elliott, Debates, I, 
338. 

Special: (a) Am. Hist. Ass. Reports (1892) II, 361-372; Ames, 
Amendments to the constitution, (b) Ames. State Doc on Fed. 
Relations, 7-15; Thayer, Cases, 2951", Boyd, Cases. 

(9) Politics, 1792-1798. 

(a) Party development. 

(1) Machinery: Congressional Caucus — reasons 

for, tendencies ; conventions in States — N. 
Y., Pa., etc. 

(2) Sectionalization : reasons, effects. 

(3) Elections: 1792 — candidates, votes, result; 

methods of election of presidential electors ; 
Congress — party strength; 1796— candidates 
— Republicans, Federalists; choice of elec- 
tors ; Hamilton's attitude toward Adams — 
reasons; result — a split ticket, Adams (71) 
and Jefferson (68); significance; Congress 
party strength. 

(b) Washington's Farewell Address. 

(1) First suggestion, 1792; Washington's outline — 

Madison's draft. 

(2) Final formulation, 1796: Composition — Madi- 

son, Hamilton, Jay, Washington; purpose; 
spirit, importance. 

(3) Its terms: union, parties, sectionalism, order, 

etc. 

(c) Personnel: Joseph Hopkinson, J. Dayton. 
Questions: (1) In what State did the modern convention orig- 
inate? (2) What was the first machinery for the nomination of 
candidates for president? (3) W r hy did any machinery come into 
existence? (4) What did the "fathers" expect the presidential 
electors to be and to do? (5) What factors can you find that 
produced sectional parties during the years under study? 
(6) For how many candidates for president did each "elector" 
vote; (7) What can you say of the authorship of Washing- 
ton's Farewell Address? (8) Is it statesmanlike? (9) What les- 
sons did Washington seemingly intend to inculcate? 



26 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XI, 137-149; 
Schouler, I, 347-352, 354-36o, 368-378 ; McMaster, II, 306-307, 3™- 
366; Hildreth, IV, 686-704; V, 25-45; Stanwood, History of the 
Presidency, 1-41 ; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist. I, 203-230; Gordy, I, 
92-102 ; Winsor, Narrative and Critical Hist. VII, 267-272 ; Bryce, 
Am. Commonwealth, I, 636-643; Morse, Adams, 257-273; Adams, 
Gallatin, 178-181; Randall, Jefferson, II, 311-331; Morse, Jeffer- 
son, 1 54-161 ; Morse, Hamilton, 220-236; Lodge, Hamilton, 191- 
200; Lodge, Washington, 247-258; Walker, 130-138; Gibbs, I, 405- 
410, 451-466; Andrews, II, 214-219; McClure, Our Presidents 
and How We Make Them, 1-5; Hamilton, Republic of the U. S., 
VII, 497-534; Elson, Hist. U. S. 34if; Hammond, Political Par- 
ties in New York, I, 1-91; Fess, Pol. Theory and Party Organi- 
zation, 1-10. 

Source: Writings, Adams (Adams ed.) X, index under Par- 
ties; Jay (Jay ed.) Ill and IV, Table contents; R. King (King 
ed.), I and II, Table contents; Jefferson (Ford ed.) VI and VII, 
Table contents; Gallatin (Adams ed.) II and III, Table contents; 
Madison (Congress ed.) I and II, (Hamilton ed.) VI, Table 
contents; Hamilton (Federal ed.) index; Benton, Abridgments, 
II, 1 14-144. 

Special: (b) Jay, IV, 344-345; Washington (Sparks ed.) VII, 
382-398; Hamilton, Republic of U. S., VII, 497-503; Old South 
Leaflets, I, No. 4; Richardson, Messages, I, 2i3f; Washington 
Works (Sparks) VII, 214-235; Annals Congress, VI, 2869f; 
Marshall, Washington, II, 396-409; Irving, Washington, V, 383- 
410; Redpath, Hist. IL S. App. 685. 

(10) Foreign Relations, the Key of Adams Administra- 
tion, 1797-1801. 

(a) Initial conditions. 

(1) Adams' characteristics: self-centered, self- 

confident, jealous; qualifications — experi- 
ence, education, student government; equi- 
poise between England and France. 

(2) Cabinet: inheritance from Washington; mod- 

erate ability, narrow, under control of 
Hamilton. 

(3) Complex foreign relations: an inheritance. 

(4) Leadership party: Adams — legal and nomi- 

nal; Hamilton actual; Jealousy; diverse 
ideals and tendencies. 

(b) French Relations. 

(1) Jay Treaty: an element of discord; French 
claims — in contravention of French treaty 
rights; rejection of American minister — 
Pinckney, 1796- 1797; excitement in Amer- 
ica; the first commission — Pinckney, Mar- 
shall, Gerry, 1797; instructions — terms, 
tenor. 



INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION 27 



(2) The X. Y. Z. Affair, 1797-1798: "Suggestions'' 
by X — a bribe to directory, a loan, an apol- 
ogy, attitude of the commission; repetition 
of suggestions by Y; Talleyrand — "nothing 
doing"; renewal of demands by Z; with- 
drawal by Pinckney and Marshall; negotia- 
tions by Gerry — his mistake, reasons, final 
break; communications with home govern- 
ernment; suspension of diplomacy; ex- 
citement in America, 1798; rising tide of 
Federalism; imminence of war. 
(c) Personnel: Talleyrand, E. Gerry, T. Pickering, J. 
McHenry. 

Questions: (1) How had Adams' previous training fitted him 
for the chief issue of his administration? (2) What was his 
chief weakness as a leader, as president? (3) What mistakes 
made in his choice of his cabinet? (4) What complaints made 
by the French against Jay's treaty — were there any just grounds? 
(5) What policy did Pickering wish followed in the French af- 
fair — why? (6) Did Talleyrand wish war with the United 
States? (7) What led him to believe the American commission- 
ers would yield to the French demand? (8) Should Gerry be 
censured for his course? (9) How did Talleyrand meet Gerry's 
accusations? (10) Form of government in France at this time. 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XI, 136-149, 204- 
237 : Schouler, I, 354-400 ; McMaster, II, 308-322, 367-381 ; John- 
ston, Am. Pol. Hist., I, 162-179; Gordy, I, 290-312; Hildreth, V, 
46-50, 57-63, 82-96, 125-159; Adams, Gallatin, 185-200; Morse, J. 
Adams, 270-285; Randall, Jefferson, II, 346-356, 380-388; Morse, 
Hamilton, II, 237-250; Magruder, Marshall, 100-128; Garland, J. 
Randolph, 102-123; Andrews, II, 248-255; Moore, Am. Congress, 
158-159; Gibbs, II, 15-40; Tiescott, Diplomacy, 177-234; Lyman, 
Diplomacy, I, 314-366; Foster, Century of Diplomacy, 176-184; 
Moore, Am. Diplomacy, 57-62. 

Source: Gibbs, Administrations of Washington and Adams, I, 
500-526; Benton, Abridgment, II, 225-242; Annals of Congress. 
IX, 34i8f. 3433f, 35i9f ; Hart, Contemporaries, III, 322-326; Rich- 
ardson, Messages, I, 264-265; Works, Adams (Adams ed.), VIII, 
546-681; IX, 10-307; Works, Jefferson (Ford ed.), VII, 218-221, 
230, 234-242. 

Special: (a) Chamberlain, Essays, John Adams, etc., 1-61. 
(b) Moore, Digest of International Law, V, 601-609. 

(11) Results in United States of X. Y. Z. Affair. 
(a) Parties, 

(1) Republican: failure of its policy; abandon- 

ment of Spriggs resolutions ; semi-disin- 
tegration, 1798. 

(2) Federal: popularity of the party and of 

Adams; intense excitement; resulting er- 



28 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



rors in political policies; attacks on liberty 
press, rights States, democracy; policy — 
excessive centralization, paternalism. 

(b) The "War," 1798-1800. 

(1) Preparations: naval — creation of separate de- 

partment, construction and commission of 
fleet; army — increase in, organization of; 
its officers — Commander-in-Chief, Wash- 
ington, major-generals — Knox, Pinckney, 
Hamilton; question of rank; Washington's 
request — Hamilton first; dissatisfaction of 
Adams, quarrels with cabinet; the Miranda 
scheme, its relation to Hamilton's plans; 
Adams for peace. 

(2) Progress of hostilities; naval contests, capture 

prizes. 

(3) End: Talleyrand's diplomacy; renewal of 

negotiations; second commission, 1799 — 
Ellsworth, Murray, Davie ; renewal of cabi- 
net quarrel over sending commissioners; 
reorganization of cabinet; conclusion of 
treaty, 1800, its modification and ratifica- 
tion, 180 1. 

(c) Legislation, 1798. 

(1) From fear of France: abrogation of treaties 

by Congress, legality of act. 

(2) From fear of foreigners: Naturalization Act, 

June 18 — terms, reasons for, effect; Alien 
Act, June 21 — terms, purposes, effects; 
Alien enemies act, July 6 — terms, intent, 
effects. 

(3) From fear of the press: Sedition Act, July 

14 — terms — proposed, adopted; purposes; 
constitutionality, enforcement, effects. 

(4) Bank fraud act, June 27 — terms, national pun- 

ishment of crimes. 

(5) Relation of these acts to: nature of Union, 

powers of States, liberty of individual. 
Questions: (1) What were terms of the Spriggs resolutions? 
(2) How did the arrival of the X. Y. Z. correspondence affect 
parties? (3) What was the so-called officers' intrigue? (4) Was 
Washington misled by the Hamilton faction? (5) How did the 
forced appointment of Hamilton as ranking major-general affect 
Adams and the war policy? (6) Was Adams or his cabinet right 
in regard to sending the second commission? (7) Were the acts 
against foreigners wise and justifiable? (8) Effect of Sedition 
law on Federal party? (9) How explain the course of the Fed- 
eralists at this time? (10) Significance of Hamilton's letter to 
Dayton. 



INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION 29 



General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XI, 237-251, 252- 
264; McMaster, II, 376-409, 417-448, 465-476; Schouler, I, 398- 
434, 437-447, 451-456; Gordy, I, 313-331 ; Hildreth V, 203-235, 240- 
245, 264-270, 284-291, 297-301; Johnston, I, 172-179, 181-188; 
Adams, Gallatin, 203-228; Brown, Ellsworth, 282-326; Morse, J. 
Adams, 285-320; Stevens, Gallatin, 149-163; Schouler, Jefferson, 
191-194; Randall, Jefferson, II, 429-446, 499-503; Morse, Jefferson, 
169-177; Morse, Hamilton, II, 249-285; Lodge, Hamilton, 202-223; 
Moore, Am. Congress, 158-162; Young, Am. Statesman, 165-172; 
Maclay, Hist, of the Navy, 1551; Spears, Hist, of U. S. Navy, 
39-52; Trescott, Diplomacy, ch. 3; Lyman, Diplomacy, 336-351; 
Foster, Century of Diplomacy, 176-180; Hamilton, Republic of 
U. S. VII, 176-205, 21 if; Allen, Our Naval War with France; 
Elson, Side Lights, I, 65-79. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 299-305; MacDonald, Select 
Documents, 135-148; Documentary Source Book, 258-267; Benton, 
Abridgment, II, 243-252, 253-260, 265-269, 280-286, 295-296, 305-316, 
373-3^5; Hamilton, Works, (Lodge ed.), VI, 294, 325, 330, 336- 
338, 342-344; VIII, 5o6f; King, Works (King ed.), Ill, 555f; 
Adams, Works (Adams ed.), VIII, 569-572, 573-575, 576-580, 587- 
590, 593-594, 600-604; Washington, Works (Lodge ed.), XI, 242- 
245; 257-260, 261-268, 280-285, 530-550; Hart, Contemporaries, III, 
327-328. 

Special: (c) McDonald, Select Documents, 135-148. 

(12) The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798-1799: 
The Republican answer to the Program of 
the Federalists. 

(a) Occasion. 

(1) Federal policy and measures: Alien acts, nat- 

uralization act, sedition act; centralizing 
tendency of Federal measures; fear of 
loss of liberty. 

(2) Formulation of Republican theories: a party 

platform. 

(b) Development. 

(1) Authorship : Virginia Resolutions, 1798, and 

Virginia Report, 1800 (Madison) ; Ken- 
tucky Resolutions, 1798 (Jefferson). 

(2) Terms: nature of the Union; unconstitu- 

tionality of alien, sedition, bank acts; rem- 
v edy — appeal to states. 

(3) Reception: by states; by people. 

(c) Results. 

(1) Immediate: on party development. 

(2) Remote: nullification; secession; civil war. 

(d) Personnel: W. C. Nicholas; J. Breckenridge. 
Questions: (1) Were the changes in the Kentucky Resolu- 
tions of 1798 made with Jefferson's consent? (2) What princi- 
ple of the resolutions was generally contested in the State re- 
plies? (3) What one commonly accepted? (4) Did Jefferson in 



30 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



the Kentucky resolutions intend to hold that the State action was 
a protest only, or that it made the act void? (5) What remedy 
for unconstitutional action stated in the Virginia resolutions? 
(6) Did these resolutions recognize the unity or divisibility of 
sovereignty? (7) Was the authorship known at the time? 

(8) Were the resolutions on the whole in sympathy or out of 
harmony with the prevailing public opinion of that day? 

(9) Did the Republicans reaffirm these resolutions while in 
power? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XI, 265-275: 
Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist, T, 188-202 ; Gordy, I, 332-342 ; Schouler, 
I, 432-435; McMaster, II, 419-423; Foster, Commentaries on the 
Court, I, 119-125; Von Hoist, I, 138-167; Hildreth, V, 319-321; 
Moore, Am. Congress, 162-168; W. Wilson, III, 153-161 ; 
Schouler, Jefferson, 192-195 ; Randall, Jefferson, II, 443-455 ; 
Hunt, Madison, 249-258 ; Gay, Madison, 231-241 ; Tucker, Jeffer- 
son, II, 59-65 ; Thorpe, Const. Hist., II 343-354 ; Landon, Lec- 
tures on Const. 124-130; Powell, Nullification and Secession; 
Warfield, The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798; Anderson, Am. 
Hist. Review, V. 45 f, 225f; McElroy, Kentucky, 211-276. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 302-303; MacDonald, Select 
Documents, 148-160; Documentary Source Book, 267-277; Mad- 
ison, Writings (Congress ed.) 5^5-555 ; Jefferson, Works (1856 
ed.) IX, 464-471; (Ford ed.) VII, 282, 288-309, 312, 416; Am. 
Hist. Leaflets, No. 15 ; Stephens, War Between the States, I, Ap- 
pendix ; Elliott, Debates, IV, 440-441, 532-539, 540-545, 546-580. 

Special: (b) Jefferson, Writings (Ford ed), 289-309, 416; 
Ames. State Documents, 15-26; MacDonald, Select Documents, 
148-160. 

(12) Change parties; Downfall Federalists, 1800-1801. 
(a) Causes. . 

(1) Character of party; aristocratic tendencies; 

suspiciousness. 

(2) Legislative measures : alien acts, sedition act, 

Logan act, direct tax act — Fries Rebellion. 

(3) Internal distrust and quarrels: over Foreign 

policy ; over army officers ; over personal 
leadership — Hamilton's letter on Adams ; 
Charges of "British faction," "Monarchial 
faction," etc. 

(4) Lack of skillful leadership — jealousies. 

(5) Petty issues: Robbins case; Williams case; 

"tub-plot," conspiracies, 
(b) The Campaign of 1800- 180 1. 

(1) Unfavorable opening: Chase's circuit — sedi- 

tion trials; Hamilton's policy — for electors 
in New York, for equal votes for Adams 
and Pinckney. 

(2) Nomination: congressional caucanses; nomi- 

nees. 



INTERPRET ATIOX OF CONSTITUTION 31 



(3) Procedure: choice of electors; equal votes 

for Jefferson and Burr, 73 each; Adams 
65, Pinckney 64. 

(4) Election in House: rules procedure; action of 

Federalists; Hamilton's course — reasons; 
election Jefferson. 
(3) The Federalists. 

(1) Drive the last nail: the reorganization of 

federal courts; judges Supreme Court; 
creation 16 circuit judges; increase num- 
ber of district judges; appointment of Fed- 
eralists to new judgeship. 

(2) Work — commendable, unworthy; permanent, 

temporary. 

(d) Significance of party change: Revolutionary or 

not? 

(e) Personnel: S. Chase; T. Pickering; A. Burr; 

J. A. Bayard. 

Questions: (1) Was the overthrow of the Federal party for 
the best interests of the country? (2) Proposal of the Federal 
leaders in case of no election of President. (3) Proposal of 
Jefferson in such an emergency. (4) Reasons for the "Fries 
rebellion." (5) How did it happen that Jefferson and Burr 
had equal votes. (6) Were Hamilton's plans during campaign 
of 1800 commendable? 17) Were Jefferson's measures com- 
mendable in contest between himself and Burr? (8) Were the 
new courts and judges needed in 1801 ? (9) How explain Fed- 
eral policy in regard to National courts? (io) Was the elec- 
toral vote a real measure of the strength of parties in 1800? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Xat. S, XI, 276-296; Mer- 
riam, Am. Political Theories, 96-175; McMaster, II, 417-538; 
Schouler, I, 438-443, 458-464, 4/2-5U; Gordy, 343-382; Johnston, 
Am. Pol. Hist. I, 223-233 : Stanwood, Hist, of Presidency, 54-73 ; 
W. Wilson, III, 158-167; Walker, Making of the Nation, 155-167; 
Woodburn, Pol. Parties, 20-30; Gibbs, II. 442-515; Hopkins, Pol. 
Parties, 17-21 ; Alexander, A Political History of N. Y., I, 83-106 ; 
Magruder, Marshall, 148-158; Lodge, Hamilton, 222-233; Morse, 
Hamilton, II, 286-312; Morse. Jefferson, 170-185; Tucker, Jef- 
ferson, II, 64-84; Randall, Jefferson, 541-605, Adams. Gallatin, 
232-266; Young, Am. Statesman, 188-195; Winsor, VII. 469-512; 
Parton, Burr, I, 243f; Schouler, Jefferson, 190-197; Hamilton, 
Republic of U. S. VII, 434-468; McClure, Our Presidents and 
How We Make Them, 12-20; Fess. Political Theory, 120-127. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 303-306; Benton, Abridg- 
ment, II, 530-534; Annals. X, 10051, 10221": Hamilton. Works, 
(Lodge) VII, 309-365; Adams, Works, IX, 239-310: King, 
Works, III, 330-332, 362-364, 390-93; Jefferson. Works (Ford 1 , 
VII, 389-392, 4CI-403, 432-434, 462-475, 485-495 ; Jay, Correspond- 
ence, IV, 270-272. 

Specific: (b) Benton, Abridgment. II, 530-534; (d) Am. Hist. 
Ass. Reports, 531-540. 



CHAPTER III. 



REPUBLICANISM TRIUMPHANT, 1801-1812. 
General References for the Period, 1801-1812. 

Secondary: Am. Nat. Series, XII; Schouler, II, 1-375; Mc- 
Master, II, 583-635; HI, 1-560; Hiidreth, V, 419-686; VI, 1-377 ; 
Gordy, I, 383-598; II, 1-227; W. Wilson, III, $75-229; Johnston, 
Am. Pol. Hist I, 253-323; Young, Am. Statesman, 196-262; 
Roosevelt, Winning of the West, IV, 214-356; Stanwood, His- 
tory of the Presidency, 54-105; Elson, Hist. U. S. 376-415; Mer- 
win, Jefferson, 113-148; Schouler, Jefferson, 198-223; Curtis, 
Jefferson, 140-253; Randall, Jefferson, III, 1-367; Adams, Galla- 
tin, 267-492; Gay, Madison, 242-308; Schurz, Clay, I, 27-66; Fos- 
ter, Century of Diplomacy, 181-250; Dewey, Financial Hist. 
118-141; Coman, Industrial Hist. 155-171 ; McClure, Our Presi- 
dents, etc., 15-35; Sparks, Expansion, H. Adams, History of the 
U. S., Vols. I-V. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 307-327; Caldwell, Some 
American Legislators; MacDonald, Select Documents, 160-192; 
Hart. Contemporaries, III, 344-409; Jefferson Works (Ford) 
VIII, IX; Madison, Works (Hunt), VII, VIII; Monroe, Works 
(Hamilton), IV, V; Richardson, Messages, I, 321-586; Benton, 
Abridgments, II, 540-744, III, IV. 

C. Republicanism Triumphant, 180I-1812. 
(1) The New Leadership. 
(a) Jefferson, 1743-1826. 

(1) Early life: parentage, personal appearance, 

environment, education, law. 

(2) Public career; House of Burgesses, governor 

of Va., member of Congress — continental, 
confederation, minister to France, Secre- 
tary of State, Vice-president, President. 

(3) Characteristics: complex character, wide in- 

terests, emotional, pure, refined, feminine, 
honest, artistic; universal in interests — 
omniscient in aim; an athlete, scientist), 
scholar, historian, farmer, letter writer, in- 
vestigator ; inquisitive. 

(4) His political principles: belief in people; an 

individualist; simple, inexpensive, popular 
government; liberty — an idealist, visionary, 
innovator — eyes on the future; little gov- 
ernment — local in character; strict con- 
struction of constitution. 
32 



REPUBLICANISM TRIUMPHANT, 1801-1812 33 



(5) Deficiencies; no orator, no financier; weak 

in administration, in military affairs ; in- 
tuitive rather than logical. 

(6) Strength: good judge men; a lover of his 

kind; government for good of all. 

(7) His work: education — public schools, State 

University; religious liberty — state and 
church; law — reforms, codification; prop- 
erty rights — federal privileges ; slavery, 
(b) Madison, 1751-1836. 

(1) Early life: parentage, education, personal 

appearance. 

(2) Public life: Va. legislature, Congress, Consti- 

tutional Convention, Congress again, Secre- 
tary of State, President. 

(3) Characteristics: personal, public; his inter- 

ests ; principles. 

(4) His works : in Va., in Convention; in Congress. 



(1) Early life: Education, coming to America. 

(2) Public work : in Penn. — legislature, whiskey 

Insurrection; Senate, House; Secty. of 
Treasury; diplomat. 

(3) Characteristics: physical, mental, political; his 

principles — changes ; his interests — finance, 
scholarship, 
(d) John Marshall, 1755-1835. 

(1) Early years: family; education, appearance, 

law. 

(2) Public life : Va. legislature, Congress, di- 

plomatic, secretary of state, chief justice, 
historian. 

(3) Characteristics: personal, moral, intellectual; 

his interests : his political principles. 

(4) His work: in Va. — ratifying constitution; in 

Congress; in France; as chief-justice; rela- 
tion to Jefferson — antagonism ; his de- 
cisions — importance. 
Questions: (1) What had been Jefferson's training for the law? 
(2) What his importance as a leader of the revolutionary move- 
ment and reform in Virginia? (3) What rank had Jefferson as 
a diplomat? (4) What his most famous work in Congress? 
(5) How did his interests compare with those of other men of 
his age? (6) What had been Madison's greatest contribution to 
American history up to this time? (7) How did he and Jefferson 
supplement each other? (8) What was Gallatin's place in this 
trio of Republican statesmen? (9) Compare the personal qualities 
of Jefferson and Marshall. (10) Was the work of both these men 
needed to the full development of American life and institutions? 




34 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



General References: (a) "Jefferson;" Lives — Schouler, Morse, 
Merwin, Randall, Tucker, Parton, Watson, Smucker, Curtis, Ran- 
dolph, Pierson ; Trent, Southern Statesmen of the Old Regime, 
49-86; Fiske, Essays, I, 145-181; Sparks, Men Who Made the 
Nation, 2i8f; Schouler, II, 224-229, index; H. Adams, I, 131-155, 
185-217, index; Fess, Political Theory and Party Organization, 
51-63; Poole, Index for Magazine Lit.; Goodrich, Am. Biography, 
380-405. 

Source: Works and Writings; Editions by Randolph, 4 Vols; 
by Ford, 10 Vols. ; by Lipscomb, the Centennial Edition, 20 Vols., 
with Notes; Am. Patriotism, 150-177. 

(b) "Madison;" Lives — Hunt, Gay, J. Q. Adams; Lodge, His- 
torical and Political Essays, 47-74; Fiske, Essays, I, 185-218; H. 
Adams, I, i88f ; III, 74f ; IV, 2-6, index; Poole, "index. 

Source: Works and Writings; Editions by Congress, 4 Vols.; 
Hunt, 10 Vols. 

(c) "Gallatin;" Lives — Adams, Stevens; Adams, History of 
United States, I, H5f, 190, IX, 8f, index; Schouler, McMaster, etc., 
Histories. 

Source: Writings; Edition by H. Adams, 3 Vols. 

(d) "Marshall;" Lives— Magruder, Thayer; Carson, The Su- 
preme Court, 195-287; No. Am. R. Vol. 26, if, Vol. 42: 2i7f; Am. 
Law R.. I, 432f ; New Eng. Mag. Vol. 9, i5if; General Histories, 
indexes; Van Santvoort, Lives of Chief Justices. 295-456; H. 
Adams, I, I92f, index. 

Source: Decisions Supreme Court. 

(2) Development of Republican Theories, 1801-1803. 

(a) Cabinet. 

(1) Membership: Madison (State), Gallatin 

(Treasury), Lincoln (Atty. Gen.), Dear- 
born (War), Smith (Navy). _ 

(2) Character : ability, reasons for choice, harmony, 

consultation. 

(b) Principles and Plans. 

(1) Government: frugal, simple; forms, ceremo- 

nies, receptions ; delivery of messages. 

(2) Civil Service: numbers, decrease — in civil 

service, in diplomacy and consular work; 
question of removals — the spoils system. 

(3) Inaugural: analysis; terms, spirit, composition, 

principles. 

(c) Measures. 

(1) Financial: debt — amount, speedy payment, re- 
duction expenses, civil service, army, navy; 
taxation — internal, total repeal; tariff — 
chief source of revenue ; Gallatin's prob- 
lems ; Gallatin's reforms — specific appro- 
priations, simplicity. 



REPUBLICANISM TRIUMPHANT, 1801-1812 35 



(2) Military: army — reduction, place of militia; 

navy — management, gun-boats. 

(3) Reversal Federal measures : repeal of judiciary 

act — reasons, unnecessary, partisan., extrava- 
gant, nationalistic in tendency ; question of 
constitutionality of repeal — arguments, Re- 
publicans, Federalists ; repeal of naturaliza- 
tion act — new law. 
(d) Personnel: S. Smith, L. Lincoln, C. Pinckney, J. 
Armstrong. 

Questions: (1) What reasons led Jefferson to^ send written 
message to Congress? (2) Did he introduce the spoils system? 

(3) For what principles did he stand in his inaugural address? 

(4) What the estimated national revenue, and Gallatin's proposed 
distribution of it among the departments? (5) Why the repeal of 
the internal tax — was it w T ise? (6) How did Jefferson wish to- 
handle the navy? (7) Was the repeal of the judiciary act wise? 
(8) Were these first measures of the Republicans in harmony 
with their principles when out of power? (9) Was repeal of 
judiciary act based on broad or strict construction? 

General References. Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XII, 1-35; Mc- 
Master, II, 532-537, 583-620; Schouler, II, 1-40; Hildreth, V, 419- 
444; Adams, History of U. S., I, 218-333; Gordy, I, 383-420; 
Moore.. Am. Congress. 182-191 ; Walker, Making of the Nation, 
168-177; Roosevelt, G. Morris, 287-292; Hunt, Madison, 271-284; 
Gay, Madison, 242-247; Morse, Jefferson, 186-204; Tucker, Jeffer- 
son, 85-124; Randall, Jefferson, II, 630-694; Schouler, Jefferson, 
198-214; Curtis, The True T. Jefferson, 149-174; Adams, Gallatin, 
267-314; Brown, Ellsworth. 323-326; Stevens, Gallatin, 170-193; 
Bolles. I, 203-209: Dewev. Financial Hist., 1 19-126; Alexander, 
Political Hist, of N. Y.. I, 11 5-128. 

Source: Caldwell and Perringer, 307-310; Harding, Select Ora- 
tions, 164-171 ; Elliott, Funding System, 451-478; Richardson, 
-Messages, I, 321-324; Am. Orations. I, 155; Hart, Contemporaries, 
III. 344-355; Benton, Abridgments, 541-544, 546-550, 555-559. 
636-638. 

(3-5) Expansion, 1803-1819. 

(3) The Acquisition of Louisiana, 1803. 

(a) Evolution of the Territory. 

(1) Name: origin, original boundaries; settle- 

ments. 

(2) Transfer to Spain, I/62-I/63: division; boun- 

daries. 

(b) Reacquisition by France, 1800. 

(1) Conditions in Europe: Wars of French Revo- 
lution ; French colonial and commercial as- 
pirations ; rise of Napoleon and Talleyrand 
— characteristics ; plans of Napoleon in In- 



36 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



dia and East — failure in Egypt; in Spanish 
peninsula — thwarted by Godoy. 

(2) Napoleon's American plans: treaty of San 

Ildefonso — terms, conditions, work of 
Godoy. 

(3) Taking possession of Louisiana: San Domin- 

go — Toussaint Louverture, the negroes and 
yellow fever, failure; Napoleon's new pol- 
icy — abandonment of territorial expansion, 
sale of Louisiana. 

(c) Purchase by the United States, 1803. 

(1) Conditions in America: closure of New Or- 

leans as "place of deposit" by Morales ; ef- 
fect on West — its demand; policy of Fed- 
eralists; appointment of Monroe. 

(2) Jefferson: instructions to Livingston; threats 

— of alliance with England; necessity of 
control of Miss, river. 

(3) Negotiations: by Livingston; Napoleon's posi- 

tion — statement to Marbois and Talleyrand ; 
final offer — the whole of Louisiana — his 
right to sell ; hesitancy of Livingston ; Mon- 
roe; final action. 

(4) The Treaty: terms — price, area, rights of in- 

habitants, Livingston's troubles. 

(d) Personnel: J. Monroe, R. R. Livingston, Marbois, 

Napoleon. 

Questions: (1) Why did the U. S. object to French more than 
to Spanish control of mouth of Miss, river? (2) What European 
factors aided in acquisition of La.? (3) How did the negroes of 
San Domingo become important aids in securing La. ? (4) What 
was the immediate occasion that led the people of the West to de- 
mand the acquisition? (5) What proposal made by the Federal- 
ists to secure New Orleans — was it wise? (6) What measure 
adopted by Jefferson to meet the Federal plan? (7) Did Jefferson 
seriously intend an alliance with England? (8) What reasons 
probably led Jefferson to sell La. ? (9) What reasons did he give ? 

(10) Why did Livingston get no greater honor from this treaty? 

(11) Give names of men most important in connection with the 
Annexation ? 

General References , Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XII, 47-62; H. 
Adams, I, 352-446 ; Ogg., Opening of the Miss., 460-538 ; Gayarre, 
Hist, of Louisiana, 447-547; Hosmer, Miss. Valley, 1 18-127; Hos- 
mer, The Louisiana Purchase, 1-147; McMaster, II, 620-635; 
Schouler, II, 40-58; Gordy, I, 421-426; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist, 
I, 253-264; Tucker, Jefferson, II, 124-126; Morse, Jefferson, 251- 
258; Gilman, Monroe, 77-94; Gay, Madison, 242-252; Hunt, Mad- 
ison, 285-295; Adams, Gallatin, 318-321; Randall, Jefferson, III, 
47-68; Herman, The La. Purchase; Hildreth, V, 468-482; Bruce, 
Romance of Expansion, 24-50; Morris, Half Hours, etc., II, 189- 



REPUBLICANISM TRIUMPHANT, 1801-1812 37 



200; Fuller, Purchase of Florida, 76-121; Austin, Steps in Expan- 
sion, 1 17-126; Young, Am. Statesman, 203-212; Sparks, Expan- 
sion of the Am. People, 188-210; Johnson, A Century of Expan- 
sion, 76-98; Gannet, Boundaries of the U. S., 21-23; Phelps, Louis- 
iana, 178-219; Thompson, Louisiana, 138-161 ; Roosevelt, Winning 
of the West, IV, 258-284; Foster, A Century of Diplomacy, 187- 
202; Lyman, Diplomacy, I, 367-405; Moore, Am. Diplomacy, 223- 
231; Am. Hist. Soc. Reports, I, 253-290; McElroy, Ky., 265-276. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 310-316; Caldwell, Tentorial 
Expansion, 76-100; MacDonald, Select Documents, 160-165; Hos- 
mer, The Louisiana Purchase, App. ; Hart, Contemporaries, III, 
363-384; Richardson, Messages, I, 350-351, 357-362; Jefferson, 
Works (Ford), VIII, 172, 188, 190-192, 203-210, 241-249, 261- 
264, 286-292; Annals, Vol. 12, Appendix; Monroe, Writings 
(Hamilton), IV, 2-35, 40; Moore, Digest, I, 433-439, 445, V, 613; 
Snow, Diplomacy, 46-49. 

(4) The Louisiana Purchase in Politics, 1803-1804. 

(a) Ratification of the Treaty. 

(1) Sectional feeling: sections — for, against; rea- 

sons. 

(2) Constitutionality: Jefferson's doubts; pro- 

posed amendments — character, fate; posi- 
tion of Republican party leaders — argu- 
ments, consistency with former principles, 
reasons for change; attitude of Federalists 
— consistency, arguments ; final result. 

(3) Acceptance by Senate: vote — party, sectional; 

in the House — question of appropriations, 
position of parties, compare with Jay treaty. 

(4) Boundaries: Napoleon's action; indefiniteness 

of description; disputed boundaries — Flor- 
ida, position Monroe, Livingston, Jefferson; 
Mexican — Rio Grande ; Canadian — settle- 
ment 1818. 

(b) Effects. 

(1) Constitutional: party changes; acceptance of 

broad construction by Republicans. 

(2) Political: democracy, nationality, immigra- 

tion, slavery, outlook on future. 

(3) Industrial: area, wealth; New England jeal- 

ousy; the new West. 

(4) Government: plans — 1804-1805; power of 

Congress over territory. 

(c) Personnel: C. C. Claiborne, J. Randolph, Wm. 

Eustis. 

Questions: (1) What chief theory held by Federalists in re- 
gard to right to acquire territory? (2) Was it in harmony with 
their previous doctrines in regard to the nature of the Union? 
(3) How do you account for the change in positions of parties? 



38 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(4) On what clauses of the Constitution did the Republicans as- 
sert the right to purchase? (5) Did they now give a broad or 
strict interpretation to the Constitution? (6) What industrial ef- 
fects foreshadowed in the purchase? (7) How was the territory- 
transferred to the U. S.? (8) How does this purchase compare 
in importance with any previous event in our history? 

References, General: Ogg., Opening of- the Miss., 539-574; Am. 
Nat. S., XII, 62-99; Gayarre, Hist, of Louisiana, 547-575; Mc- 
Master, III, 1-30; Schouler, II, 55-60; Johnston, I, 264-269; Ran- 
dall, Jefferson, III, 70-87; Gordy, I, 426-458; Hildreth, V, 490-493; 
Johnson, A Century of Expansion, 99-127; H. Adams, II, 25-115; 
Am. Hist. Ass. Reports (1897), 149-160; (1894), 507-552. 

Source: Benton, Abridgment, III, 8-20, 41-43, 61-77; Annals 
Congress, 1803-1804, 35-73, 386-419, 431-489, 498-575; Works, Jef- 
ferson (Ford), VIII, 241, 247, 253, 278, 338-339. 

(5) Florida and the North West, 1803-18 18. 

(a) Florida. 

(1) West Florida: claim of U. S.; statements of 

Talleyrand; position of Spain; Jefferson's 
diplomacy — the two million bill, John Ran- 
dolph ; dependence on Napoleon — his double 
policy; Jefferson's failure; resolution in 
1810 — Action Congress, possession by Mad- 
ison, 1812-1815. 

(2) East Florida : attempt to purchase — reasons, 

refusal by Spain; trouble during war of 
1812; Amelia Island; invasion by England, 
by U. S. 

(b) Oregon. 

(1) The Country: discovery and exploration, by 

Spanish; by Captain Gray, 1792, by Lewis 
and Clark, 1804-1805 ; by British ; boun- 
daries. 

(2) Claimants: Spain — basis, abandonment, 1819; 

Russia — reasons, elimination, 1824-1825 ; 
Gt. Britain and U. S. — basis claims; Joint 
occupancy, 1818. 

(c) Explorations. 

( 1 ) Lewis and Clark, 1803-1805 : Jefferson's early 

plans, 1792 — -postponement; resumption, 
1802; choice of leaders; purposes — scien- 
tific, political ; preparation — character ; in- 
structions ; expeditions — incidents, route, 
importance; report. 

(2) Pike: trip to west; incidents, discoveries, 

results. 

(d) Personnel: M. Lewis; Captain Gray; Z. Pike. 
Questions: (1) Basis of claim of United States to west 

Florida; (2) Was Jefferson wise to depend on Napoleon to aid 



REPUBLICANISM TRIUMPHANT. 1801-1812 39 



in securing West Florida' (3) Why was Jefferson so anxious 
to secure Florida? (4) Who had the best claim to Oregon?* 
(5) What is meant by joint occupancy? (6) Was the Lewis and 
Clark expedition for scientific or national purposes? (7) How 
does this exploration rank with others? (8) Who among our 
early statesmen seemed to appreciate the future of the west best? 

General References, Secondary: (a) ''Florida:" Am. Nat. S. 
XII, 54-56, 140-154; Burgess, Middle Period, 19-32; Fuller, Pur- 
chase of Florida, 122-330; Gordy, I, 460-478; H. Adams, II, 51-73; 
III, 103-146, index; McMaster, III, 32-41. 369-375, 537-541 \ IV, 
154-155, 430-456.. 474-483; Schouler, II, 111-113, 345-347; HI, 57*, 
95-96, 130-133, 175-176; Austin, Steps in Territorial Development, 
138-140; Bruce, Romance of Expansion, 51-77; Johnson, A Cen- 
tury of Expansion. 128-141 ; Elson, Side Lights. I, 96-115 ; Bick- 
nell, Expansion, 31-49. 

Source: Contemporaries, III, 481-487; Caldwell and Persinger, 
342-344; Caldwell, Territorial Expansion, 104-127; MacDonald, 
Select Documents, 213-219. 

(b) "Oregon:" Am. Xat. S. XII, 86-99; Schouler, II, 147- 
148; Burrows, Oregon, 5-76; H. H. Bancroft, Oregon, Vol. 30; 
Schafer, History of the Pacific Northwest, 1-123; Meany, His- 
tory of the State of Washington, 45-90. 

(c) "Lewis and Clark:" Elson. Side Lights, 96-115; Roosevelt, 
Winning of the West, 308-343; Am. Hist. Ass. Reports. (1903), I, 
105-130, 149-174; H. Adams, III, 12, 215; Laut, Pathfinders of 
the West, 30/S33- 

Source: Lewis and Clarke, Travels to Source of Missouri 
River, 3 Vols. ; Wheeler, The Trail of Lewis and Clarke, 2 Vols. ; 
Original Journal of Lewis and Clarke, 8 Vols. (1904) ; 
Lewis and Clarke, Journals, 3 Vols. (1841) ; Long, First 
Expedition, 1819-1820, 2 Vols.; Hart, Contemporaries, 381-384; 
Annals of Congress, 1807-1808; App. 1035-1146; Jefferson, Works, 
(Ford") VIII. 194-200; Annals of Congress, 1806, 1035-1 146. 

(6) Internal Evolution, 1802- 1807. 
(a) Political. 

(1) Twelfth amendment: occasion; terms; posi- 

tion parties; criticisms and predictions by 
Federalists : adoption : workings. 

(2) Election 1804: candidates; method of nomina- 

tion; Federalist scheme in Mass. — result; 
electoral vote: overwhelming Republican 
victo^ — reasons. 

(3) Republican policies in harmony with past: 

simplicity in forms; economy in govern- 
ment; reduction debt ; dependence on mili- 
tia — reduction regular army. 

(4) Gradual abandonment of strict construction ; 

internal improvements ; harbors, etc. ; aid in 
construction roads — the Cumberland; in 



40 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



method of attack on judiciary; impeach- 
♦ ment and removal Judge Pickering; im- 

peachment Judge Chase; purchase of 
Louisiana. 

(5) Factionalism: in States — New York, struggle 
for leadership; in Pennsylvania, Gallatin 
vs. Duane and rising Democracy; in Con- 
gress — John Randolph, Giles, etc. vs. Jeffer- 
son, strict construction. 

(b) Conspiracies. 

(1) The Northern Confederacy: New England 

dissatisfaction — reasons; Burr's hatred of 
Jefferson; the Burr, Pickering, "Essex Jun- 
to" coalition; Burr for governor of New 
York; Hamilton's attitude; failure coali- 
tion ; Hamilton-Burr duel ; result. 

(2) The Burr Intrigue: loss of prestige; Jeffer- 

son's refusal to aid ; trips to West ; intrigues 
with Wilkinson, Blennerhassett, etc. ; with 
Spanish and English ministers ; with Eaton, 
etc.; his plans; expedition down the Miss, 
river; action of Jefferson; arrest Burr, 
Bollman, Swartwout; treason trials; a 
party contest; Jefferson and Marshall; the 
trial of Burr; acquittal — reasons. 

(c) Supremacy Republicanism: Gradual transforma- 

tion as a party in power. 

(d) Personnel: Geo. Cabot, R. H. Dana, Wm. Duane. 
Questions: (1) Was a twelfth amendment necessary? (2) 

What weaknesses in the twelfth amendment? (3) How explain 
the overwhelming Republican victory of 1804? (4) Was the Re- 
publican method of attack on the judiciary the proper one? (5) 
Was Jefferson's suggestion for an amendment to secure a limited 
tenure for Federal judges well taken? (6) How do you explain 
the gradual change in constitutional theory of the Republican 
party? (7) How can you account for such a combination as that 
of Burr and Pickering? (8) What are the chief theories in re- 
gard to the plans of Burr in the West? (9) What decision made 
by Marshall in regard to proof of treason? (10) May the Presi- 
dent be compelled to appear and testify before a court? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XII, 111-168; H. 
Adams, II, 135-191, 218-244; III, 1-21, 219-343, 44I-47I ; McMaster, 
III, 42-54, 162-198, 54-88; Schouler, II, 67-74, 86-89, 100-104, 133- 
139, 353-356; Gordy, I, 439-400, 479-494; Stanwood, Hist, of the 
Presidency, W. Wilson, III, 195-204; McCaleb, The Aaron Burr 
Conspiracy, 1-369; Morse. Hamilton, II, 345-372; Adams, Galla- 
tin, 326-333; Schouler, Jefferson, 210-223; Tucker, Jefferson, II, 
170-197, 222-241 ; Morse, Jefferson, 230-241 ; Roosevelt, G. Morris, 
302-317; Magruder, Marshall, 199-227; Garland, J. Randolph, 196- 
205, 252-261; Alexander, Political Hist, of N. Y., I, 131-144; Hil- 



REPUBLICANISM TRIUMPHANT, 1801-1812 41 



dreth, V, 540-544, 553-556, 594-627; Moore, Am. Cong., 196-200; 
Lodge, Studies, 202-223 ; Todd, The True Aaron Burr ; Jenkinson, 
Burr, 98-319; Stanwood, Hist, of Presidency, 54-73; Randall, Jef- 
ferson, III, 180-222; Parton, Burr, I, 243f, II, 13-161 ; McElroy, 
Kentucky, 277-314; Trent, Southern Statesmen, 122-137. 

Source: American State Papers, Miscellaneous, I, 468-645; An- 
nals of Congress, 1807-1808, App. 385-778; Supreme Court Reports, 
1808; Lodge, Cabot, 337-348. 

Special: (b) Am. Hist. Ass. Report, (1903), 131-144. 

(7-9) Struggle for Neutral Rights ; Causes of War of 1812. 
(7) Aggressions on Neutral Rights by France and Great 
Britain. 

(a) International Law Questions at Issue. 

(1) Blockade — actual or paper; contraband of 

war — articles, provisions; "rules of 1756" — 
enforcement by England, interpretation; 
''free-ships, free-goods" — meaning; right of 
search; impressment-expatriation; doctrine 
of "continuous voyage." 

(2) Cases: The "Polly" and the "Mercury," 1800- 

1801 — decision by Sir William Scott; The 
"Essex," 1805 — his decision — "intent." 

(b) European Conditions. 

(1) Renewal of war, 1803: Battle of Trafalgar, 

1805 — English supremacy on sea ; battles 
Austerlitz and Jena, 1805-1806; Napoleon's 
supremacy on land. 

(2) Napoleon's "Continental System:" purpose, 

means, effects. 

(3) Orders and Decrees: English orders in Coun- 

cil, May 16, 1806 — blockade Brest to Elba; 
Napoleon's "Berlin Decree," Nov. 21, 1806; 
mutual coast blockades; English general 
blockade orders, Nov. 11, 1807; Napoleon's 
reply "Milan Decree," Dec. 17, 1807; Ob- 
jects — destruction neutrality, control or de- 
struction of Am. commerce. 

(c) American Conditions. 

(1) Between upper and lower millstone: France 

vs. England. 

(2) Public opinion: 'New England Federalists 

against war, division in middle States, West 
for war; the Monroe treaty — rejection by 
Jefferson, effects on Monroe, on country; 
the Leopard-Chesapeake affair — intense ex- 
citement, war fever. 

(3) Jefferson's policy: delay, defensive— coast for- 

tifications, gunboats; reasons — belief that 
action of nations as of individuals in long 



42 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



' run dependent on "reason" and "interest;" 
conditional non^intercourse ; calling of Con- 
gress in special session, 
(d) Personnel: Sir Wm. Scott, Lord Nelson. 

Questions: (i) Meaning of "continuous voyage?" (2) What 
change in decision in cases of the "Mercury," and the "Essex?" 
(3) Meaning of Napoleon's "continental system." (4) What the 
purposes of England and France in their "Orders" and "Decrees?" 
(5) Reasons for Federal, opposition to war with England. (6) 
Should war have been declared immediately after the Leopard- 
Chesapeake affair? (7) What did Jefferson mean when he said 
that reason and interest governed nations the same as individuals ? 
(8) Was he correct? (9) Did he analyze the European condi- 
tions correctly? (10) Was the method of delay justifiable? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XII, 169-208; Mc- 
Master, III, 219-278; Schouler, II, 108-110, 132, 151-176; Gordy, 
I> 495-54°; Morse, Jefferson, 255-266; Garland, J. Randolph, 229- 
241 ; Hildreth, V, 646-662, 674-685, VI, 3i~35 ; Adams, III, 80-102, 
370-440, IV, 1-151; Walker, Making of the Nation, 190-200; John- 
ston, Am. Pol. Hist., I, 288-296 ; Fyffe, History of Modern Europe, 
178-246; Coman and Kendall, England, 423-427; Lyman, Diplo- 
macy, I, 406-422; Tucker, Jefferson, II, 223-234, 241-252, 258-262, 
271-292; Randall, Jefferson, III; Adams, Gallatin, 355-366; Young, 
Am. Statesman, 216-220, 221-228; Foster, Diplomacy, 211-232; 
Gardiner, Students Hist. Eng., 849-862; Knight, Hist Eng., VII, 
196-216; Morris, Half Hours, II, 212-218. 

Source: Richardson, Messages, I, 395, 402-404, 422-427; Benton, 
III, 619-621, 625-640; Am. State Papers, Foreign Relations, III, 
284-292, 263f; Annals Cong., Vol. 22, 1194-96, 1211-1219, 1224; 
Jefferson, Works (Ford), VIII, 416-417, 447-450; IX, 39-41, 86- 
106, 109-110, 169-170; Lodge, Cabot, 380-393, 404-409. 

(8) Jefferson's Remedy: Embargo, Dec. 1807 — March 1809. 

(a) .The Embargo Act. 

(1) Theory: after failure of "reason" through 

diplomacy, an appeal to "interest/' of 
Europe by shutting off its supply of food 
and raw material. 

(2) Enactment: message Nov. 1807; bill in Con- 

gress; debate — arguments, expediency, con- 
constitutionality ; terms. 

(3) Evasions : methods — on sea, on Canadian 

frontier ; enforcement — supplementary acts, 
1808; legislative resolutions against; action 
counts and juries in cases; Giles "force 
act," 1809 ; terms — severity — constitution- 
ality; debate — arguments, threats; rise of an 
English party. 

(b) Effects. 

(1) On shipping: destruction; markets for grain, 
tobacco, cotton, etc. 



REPUBLICANISM TRIUMPHANT, 1801-1812 43 



(2) On trade: reduction from $110,000,000 (1807) 

to $22,000,000 (1808) ; on revenue. 

(3) On sections : New England — rise of ideas of 

Northern Confederation again ; an English 
party ; manufacturing, new interests ; on 
South — suffering. 

(4) On parties: revival Federalists; division Re- 

publicans; election 1808 — candidates, result. 

(5) On Europe: suffering; agitation for repeal — 

resultless. 

(c) Repeal, March 1, 1809. 

(1) Republicans in panic; testimony of J. Q. 
Adams ; embargo as a remedy abandoned. 

(d) Personnel: Eli Whitney, R. Fulton, H. G. Otis, 

N. Macon. 

Question: (1) What is an embargo — by whom laid? (2) 
What the purpose of the embargo of 1807? (3) Under what 
clause of the constitution was the right to lay an embargo 
claimed? (4) Did a strict construction of the constitution war- 
rant it? (5) How was the embargo avoided? (6) What were 
the terms of the so-called Force Act? (7) Compare the Sedi- 
tion Act and Force Act — which the more dangerous? (8) Which 
section of the country suffered most as a result of embargo? (9) 
Did it affect English industry? (10) Was repeal at the time it 
was made necessary, wise? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XII, 209-232; 
Gordy, I, 541-575; McMaster, III, 279-313, 3^3-335 ; Schouler, II, 
176-186, 194-204, 207-221 ; Hildreth, VI, 36-43, 69-79, 84-89, 90-93, 
06-106, 108-129: Adams, Gallatin, 367-377; Johnston, Am. Pol. 
Hist, I, 296-300; Von Hoist, I, 200-219; Walker, Making of the 
Nation, 200-203: Garland, J. Randolph, 262-276; J. O. Adams, 
37-56; Tucker, Jefferson, II, 292-318; Randall Jefferson, III; 
Young, Am. Statesman, 228-232 ; Morse, Jefferson, 266-283 \ 
H. Adams, IV, 152-177, 225-289, 339-360; 432-474; Morris, Half 
Hours, II, 218-221. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 319-323; Ames. State Doc. 
on Federal Relations, 26-44; Hart, Contemporaries, III, 385-409; 
Jefferson, Works, IX, 169-170, 179-191, 235-238; Annals, Vol. 21, 
App. 2i27f, Vol. 22, 1194-1196, 1211-1219, 1224, Am. Patriotism, 
196-207; Benton, III, 676-707; IV, 5-25. 

(9) Drifting into War, 1809-1812. 
(a) The nezv Administration. 

(1) Madison: characteristics — physical, mental, po- 

litical ; executive powers. 

(2) His cabinet: inharmonious, weak; members — 

State -(R. Smith), dismissal, 181 1 (Mon- 
roe) ; treasury (Gallatin) ; War (Eustis) ; 
Navy (Hamilton) ; Atty. Gen. (Rodney) ; 
merit each, changes. 



44 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(3) Declination of Administrative power; rise 
power Congress. 

(b) Renewed attempts to avoid war. 

(1) Non-intercourse: With England and France, 

March 1, 1809 — terms, results. 

(2) Erskine treaty: provisions — Orders, Chesa- 

peake, impressment; rejoicing in America 
—the Federalists; rejection by English 
ministry — reasons ; results — - withdrawal 
and renewal of non-intercourse. 

(3) France: Rambouillet decree — sequestration 

American property. 

(4) End of non-intercourse, 1810; trade prosper- 

ous; no redress grievances. 

(5) New measures: Gallatin's navigation act, de- 

feat in Senate; Macon Bill, No. II — object, 
terms, dangers. 

(c) The Final Movement. 

(1) Negotiations: Jackson — insulting methods; 

dismissal, treatment of Federalists; Pinck- 
ney unsuccessful, withdrawal; Foster — rep- 
aration for Chesapeake outrage — President 
—Little Belt. 

(2) Open questions : — order, impressment, Eng- 

lish aid to Indians, Tippecanoe. 

(3) Napoleon's duplicity: in regard to acceptance 

of Macon Bill No. II; England's stub- 
borness; revival of non-intercourse against 
England, Feb. 2, 181 1. 

(4) Young men to the front; 70 new members in 

congress; war party in power; end of ne- 
gotiations. 

Questions: (1) What error did Madison make in his cabinet? 
(2) How does Madison compare as an administrator with pre- 
ceding presidents? (3) What tactical error made by Federalists 
in connection with the Erskine treaty? (4) Why was the treaty 
rejected? (5) Why was Gallatin's Navigation Act rejected? (6) 
Why did the Americans care so little in 181 1 in regard to the 
Chesapeake outrage? (7) Was Napoleon honest in regard to his 
repeal of the "Decrees" ? (8) What error made by England in 
regard to the Macon Bill ? (9) Why did the war party triumph 
in 1812? (10) Was this long period of "commercial war" worth 
its cost? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XII, 233-269, 
XIII, 1-63; Gordy, I, 576-598; H, 1-207; MeMaster, III, 335-36*9, 
391-411, 419-20; Schouler, II, 3^3S^ 320-322, 334-345, 360-388; 
Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist., I, 300-308; Walker, Making of the 
Nation, 217-229; Adams, V, 66-153, 338-403, VI, 1-267; Cal- 
lender, Economic Hist. U. S., 239-260; Gay, Madison, 272-295; 
Hunt, Madison, 301-315; Adams, Gallatin, 385-400, 413-428, 444- 



REPUBLICANISM TRIUMPHANT, 1801-1812 45 



455; Hildreth, VI, 165-176, 183-194, 196-202, 214-222, 232-236, 
242-249, 262-281 ; Olive Branch, 42-52 ; Randall, Jefferson, III, 
314-320; Knight, VII, 262-287, 360-383; Emerson, Hist, of 19th 
Century, 240-464. 

Source: Annals of Congress, 1810-1811, 863-957, 990-1086, 
1150-1250, 1812, 1712-1979; Benton, Abridgment, IV, 432-464, 506- 

518, 551-554; Olive Branch, 108-136, 249-270; Madison, Works, 
(Congressional, ed.), II, 459"46o, 465-480, 484-488, 508-511, 518- 

519, 523-530, 536. 



CHAPTER IV. 



NATIONALIZATION OF REPUBLICANS, 1812-1829. 
General References for the Period, 1812-1829. 

Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XIII, XIV; Schouler, II, 375-end; III, 

1 - 531; McMaster, IV; V, 1-536; H. Adams, VI, IX; Elson, Hist. 
U. S., 415-477; Young, Am. Statesman, 263-476; Stanwood, Hist, 
of Presidency, 106-141 ; McClure, Our Presidents, etc., 32-59 ; Bur- 
gess, Middle' Period, 1-165; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist. I, 288-421; 
W. Wilson, Hist, of Am. People, III, 210-293; Sparks, Expansion, 
104-290; Gordy, II, 208-561; Fess, Pol. Theory, 99-112; Scribner's 
Hist, of U. S. 185-297; Von Hoist, I, 340-459; Andrews, Hist, of 
U. S., Ill, 19-63; Cambridge, Mod. Hist, III, 335-378; Orth, Five 
Am. Politicians, 123-295; Du Bois, Suppression of Slave Trade, 
94f ; Bruce, Romance of Am. Expansion, 51-78; Hildreth, VI, 313- 
713; Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, I, 128-289; Taussig, Hist, of 
Tariff, 8f; Bolles, Financial Hist, 219-375; Callender, Economic 
Hist of U. S., 239-268; Bogart, Economic Hist, of U. S., 142-251; 
Wright, Industrial Hist., H7f ; H. Wilson, Rise and Fall of Slave 
Power, 112-164; Coman, Industrial History, 171-211; Dewey, Fi- 
nancial History, 143-183 ; Foster, Century of Diplomacy, 250-273 ; 
Lyman, Diplomacy of U. S., 278-406; Woodburn, Pol. Parties, 
31-50; Parton, Jackson, II; III, 1-164; Sumner, Jackson, 26-119; 
Morse, J. Q. Adams, 70-225; Lodge, Webster, 125-166; Rogers, 
The True Henry Clay, 90-145 ; Schurz, Clay, I, 67-351 ; Hunt, Cal- 
houn, 43-121 ; Larned, History for Ready Reference. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 2> 2 7~2>S2>\ Caldwell, Some Am. 
Legislators, 1-123; Caldwell, Survey of Am. Hist, 99-147; Cald- 
well, Am. Territorial Development, 103-129; MacDonald, Docu- 
mentary Source Book, 288-320; MacDonald, Select Documents, 
183-238; Hart, Contemp., Ill, 410-526; Richardson, Messages, II, 

2- 434; Ames, State Documents on Federal Relations, 56-127; Sar- 
gent, Public Men and Events, I, 1-80; Statesman's Manual, I, 479- 
766; Niles' Register, Vols. II-XXXVII; J. Q. Adams Memoirs, 
II- VII; Benton, Thirty Years' View, I, 1-119; Benton, Abridg- 
ments of Debates ; Annals of Congress ; Congressional Debates, 
I-V ; Works of Clay, Calhoun, Webster, etc. 

D. Nationalization of the Republicans, 1812-1829. 
(1) The Young Republicans, 18 12. 
(a) Clay, 1777-1852. 

(1) Early years: parentage, environment, educa- 
tion, training in counting house, clerk court, 
law student; removal to Ky. 
46 



NATIONALIZATION OF REPUBLICANS 47 



(2) Characteristics : as lawyer, orator, citizen, pol- 

itician, statesman. 

(3) Public career: in Ky. legislature — policies, 

slavery, etc. ; as U. S. senator — policies on 
bank, tariff, internal improvements, embar- 
go; preparation for leadership. 1812; later 
years as speaker of House, diplomat, secre- 
tary of state, senator. 

(b) Calhoun, 178 3- 18 50. 

( 1 ) Early life : family, birthplace, environment, ed- 

ucation — at Yale, law at Litchfield — effects. 

(2) Qualities: orator, debater, lawyer, leader; po- 

litical training in State legislature, attitude 
on public questions. 

(3) Public positions: in State legislature; in 

House — position on bank, tariff, internal 
improvements, interpretation of constitu- 
tion to 1825 ; later attitude in Senate, secre- 
tary of state on slavery, on the constitution. 

(c) New Spirit, 18 12-1830. 

(1) Belief in people: retention of, accentuation; 

nationalistic in) tendency, aggressive Amer- 
icanism. 

(2) Policies : in regard to — extending functions of 

government, army, navy, internal improve- 
ments, war. 

(d) Conditions. 

(1) Sectionalism: Federalists and commercial in- 

terests against war. 

(2) Republicans : inharmonious, unstable in poli- 

cies, uncertain of themselves. 

(e) Personnel: Lowndes, Cheves, Porter, Johnson, 

Harrison, Crawford, De Witt Clinton, 
Grundy. 

Questions: (1) Describe the personal appearance of Clay. 
(2) What position did he take in early years in regard to slavery 
in Kentucky? (3) What position did he take on the recharter of 
the First National bank? (4) Was slavery an important interest 
in the section of South Carolina where Calhoun was born? (5) 
In what questions was Calhoun interested in when in the legisla- 
ture of South Carolina? (6) How do you explain the strong 
national tendency of Calhoun's earlier years? (7) Did the young 
Republicans entirely dominate their party at beginning of war of 
1812? (8) From what section of the country did the leaders of 
young Republicanism in general come? 

References, (a) "Henry Clay." Schurz, Life of Clay, 2 Vols.; 
Rogers, The True Henry Clay; H. W. Caldwell, Life of Clay; 
Prentice, Henry Clay ; Sargent, Life and Public Services of Henry 
Clay; Parton, Famous Americans, 1-52; Orth, Five Am. Politi- 
cians, 173-294; Sparks, Men Who Made the Nation, 255-281; H. 



48 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



Adams, Schouler, Am. Nation Series; McMaster, indexes; Hart, 
Practical Essays, 1-19; Am. Hist. Ass. Report, 1891, 257-265. 

Sources: Caldwell, Some Am. Legislators, 52-75; Hart, Con- 
temporaries, III, 417-420, 427-429, 499-501, 646-649; Colton, 
Works; Reed-Colton, Works; Mallory, Works; Colton, Last 
Seven Years. 

(b) "J. C. Calhoun :" Von Hoist, Calhoun; Jenkins, Life of 
Calhoun; Hunt, Calhoun; Trent in New International Encyclo- 
pedia; H. Adams, Schouler, McMaster, Am. Nat. Series, indexes. 
Sources: Caldwell, Some Am. Legislators, 100-122; Hart, Con- 
temporaries, III, 436-440, 544-547; Cralle, Works, 6 Vols.; Am. 
Hist. Ass. Report, 1899, II 5 Letters, Am. Hist. Review, V, 467-490. 

(c) & (d) General histories. 
(2-4) The War of 1812. 

(2) Preparation; Public Opinion, 

(a) Resources. 

(1) Of Gt. Britain: navy — control of seas, number 

ships, sailors ; army — number in pay, com- 
manders; European war — condition 1812; 
industrial status — use of manufactures, 
scarcity of raw material, loss of continental 
market; taxation and debt; Canada — loy- 
alty. 

(2) Of the United States : army — militia; navy — 

sentiment regarding it; industry— agricul- 
tural abundance, loss of market — embargo ; 
rising! manufactures ; commerce — destruc- 
tion with war; population. 

(b) Use of Resources. 

(1) By Gt. Britain: Canada— point of invasion; 

army ; naval blockade. 

(2) By United States: in taxation, in military or- 

ganization, in definiteness of plan ; derange- 
ment of money and banking; inability to 
borrow; embargo. 

(c) Declaration of War, June 18, 18 12. 

(1) Madison's, war message: debate — Clay, Ran- 

dolph, Grundy, Calhoun; arguments for 
and against; position parties. 

(2) Vote : House, for 79 — New England 12, Mid- 

dle 21, South 37, West 9; against 49 — New 
England 20, Middle 18, South 11, West o; 
Senate, for 19, against 13- 

(d) New England's Opposition. 

(1) Measures: militia, loans r criticisms. 

(2) Hartford convention, 1814-1815: Call— by 

what State, terms; members — number- 
character, instructions; report on militia, 
taxes, amendments — number, character, 



NATIONALIZATION OF REPUBLICANS 49 



terms; constitutional theory; adjournment 
subject to call — significance; outcome; im- 
portance. 

(e) Personnel: Wm. H. Harrison, J. Quiney, J. Bar- 
low. 

Questions: What three important advantages did the United 
States apparently have at the beginning of the war of 1812? (2) 
In what ways seriously at a disadvantage? (3) Compare Eng- 
land's plan of attack in 1812 with that of 1777? (4) What was the 
American plan of war — well planned or not? (5) Significance of 
the vote declaring war. (6) Was the Hartford Convention more 
or less dangerous to national development than the Kentucky Res- 
olutions ? (7) What amendments proposed by the Hartford Con- 
vention? (8) What proof can you give of the theory that the 
Jeffersonian policy broke down in the war of 1812? (9) How ex- 
plain successes on sea? (10) Why the almost uniform disasters 
on land till 1814? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XIII, 50-83, 150- 
167; Gordy, II, 181-207, 208-299; McMaster, III, 412-458, 541-556; 
IV; Schouler, II, 372-394, 462-476; Hildreth, VI, 262-312, 313-335, 
529-536, 545-554; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist, I, 308-317; Von Hoist, 
I, 225-272 ; Walker, Making of the Nation, 221-229, 240-247; W. 
Wilson, III, 209-229; H. Adams, VI, 289-387, VII, 99-206, 262- 
339, VIII, 24-212, 311-382; Mahan, Sea Power in Relation to War 
of 1812, I, 141-282; Gay, Madison, 290-318; Hunt, Madison, 316- 
331, 340-352; Randall, Jefferson, III, 361-368, 371-388, 411-422; 
Adams, Gallatin, 455-466 ; Dewey, Financial Hist., 128-142 ; Young, 
Am. Statesman, 262-273; Lyman, Diplomacy, II, 1-58; Alexander, 
I, 199-240; Knight, Hist, of England, III, 360-383 ; Green, Hist, of 
the Eng. People, IV, 357-389; Lossing, Field Book of War of 
1812, 167-186; Spears, Hist, of U. S. Navy, 53-73. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 327-331; Ames, State Docu- 
ments on Fed. Relations, 10-21, 25-44; Garland, J. Randolph, II, 
49-62; The Olive Branch, 236-270, 310-313; Hart, Contemp., Ill, 
410-414; Harding, Select Orations, 172-190; Am. Orations, I, 164- 
179, 205-215; Dwight, Hist, of the Hartford Convention; Madi- 
son's War Message; Richardson, I, 499-505; Statesman's Manual, 
I, 293; Niles, Register, II, 267; MacDonald, 183-192; Works, 
(Hunt), VIII, 192-201; Lodge, Life of Christ, 4iof, 527-563; 
Adams. 

Specific: (d) New England, Federalism, 245-329; Dwight, 
Hartford Convention; The Olive Branch. 

(3) The Military Campaigns, 18 12-18 15. 

(a) On the Canadian Frontier, 18 12-18 14. 

(1) 1812: American plan of invasion; four cen- 

ters; Hull at Detroit — surrender; total 
failure of plans. 

(2) 1813: Harrison — success in west; failure at 

Niagara, along the St. Lawrence, etc. 



50 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(3) 1814: Brown, Scott, etc.; Lundy's Lane, Erie, 
etc.; on Lake Champlain — Piattsburg. 

(b) The Naval War. 

(1) On the ocean: naval duels; victories of 

Americans, reasons, effects ; privateering- 
attacks on English commerce, extent, im- 
portance; English blockade of American 
coast. 

(2) On the lakes : Erie — Perry's victory, 1813, 

significance and effects; control of Ontario, 
1814; victory on Lake Champlain, im- 
portance. 

(c) The Eastern Coast. 

(1) 1812-1S13: treatment of New England; final 

blockade. 

(2) 1814: capture of Washington, reasons for, 

course of English, effects on administra- 
tion and people; attack on Baltimore — the 
Star Spangled Banner; the Maine Coast. 

(d) The South-West. 

(1) 1812-1814: Indian war — Jackson; treaty — 

lands ; West Florida. 

(2) 1814-1815: New Orleans — Jackson; impor- 

tance of the victory, results. 

(e) Personnel: Perry, MacDonough, Decatur, Hull, 

Porter, Scott, Brown, Harrison. 

Questions: (1) Was Hull justified in surrendering Detroit? 
(2) What is meant by privateering? (3) Was it profitable during 
the War of 1812? (4) Whose fault for the capture of Washing- 
ton? (5) Did the British gain or lose by burning its public build- 
ings? (6) What aim of British in invasion of Maine? (7) How 
did the same plan find confirmation in Louisiana? (8) What 
the most lasting effect of the attack on Baltimore? (9) Relation 
of Perry's Victory to the invasion of Ontario? (10) What im- 
portant results flowed from Harrison's and Jackson's victories 
over the Indians, 181 1 and 1813 respectively? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XIII, 84-149; 
McMaster, III, 556-560, IV, 1-190; Schouler, II, 397-404, 423- 

436, 446-458, 485-491 ; Hildreth, VI, 335-343, 354-371, 392-399, 402- 

437, 486-533, 557-565; H. Adams, VI, 289-387, VII, 7^-339 \ VIII, 
24-211, 311-382; Walker, Making of the Nation, 230-240; 
Schurz, Clay, I, 67-100; Parton, Jackson, I, 560-626, II, 11-232; 
Buell, Jackson, index; Wright, Gen. W. Scott, 23-41; Scott, 
Autobiography, I, 49-147; Brown, Jackson, 69-86; Ingersoll, 
War of 1812, 17-216; Lossing, Field Book of War of 1812, 251- 
1071 ; Thompson, War of 1812, 13-496; Maclay, Hist, of Navy, 
I, 322-577, II, 1-104; Spears, Hist, of the U. S. Navy, 80-154; 
Morris, Half Hours, II, 221-286; The Cambridge Modern His- 
tory, VII, 335-348. 

Source: Hart, Contemporaries, III, 414-417, 422-425 ; Ameri- 



NATIONALIZATION OF REPUBLICANS 51 



can State Papers — Military Affairs, Naval Affairs; Niles, Regis- 
ter, Vols. II-VII, index. 

Special: (a) Lucas, The Canadian War of 1812, 1-260. 
(b) Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812; Mahan, Sea Power in Its 
Relation to the War of 1812, I, 283-422, II, 1-407; Maclay, His- 
tory of Privateers, 225-507; Hollis, The Frigate Constitution; 
Lodge, A Fighting Frigate. 

(4) Treaty of Peace ; Results of the War. 

(a) Negotiations, 1813-1814. 

(1) Russian meditation: acceptance by United 

States, objection by Gt. Britian. 

(2) Direct negotiations, 1814 : Am. Commissioners, 

Gallatin, Adams; Clay, Bayard, Russell — 
character, capacity, jealousies: British, 
Gambier, Goulburn, Adams — weakness. 

(3) Instructions and demands: American — im- 

pressment, boundaries, territory, &c; Brit- 
ish — Indians, territorial boundaries, fisher- 
ies, impressment; no point of agreement. 

(4) Change conditions: victory of Plattsburg; 

trouble at Congress of Vienna; modifica- 
tion of English demands ; renewed negotia- 
tions on new terms. 

(b) The Treaty: Terms — Omissions, Provisions. 

(c) Results. 

(1) Economic: in cost in men, money, increased 

debt, deranged finances, prices, trade and 
commerce ; in lessons in banking, trans- 
portation and money systems. 

(2) A new spirit : one facing the west — the frontier, 

not the east — the sea and Europe ; an 
American people; rising power of liberal- 
ism in religion and literature; intensified 
democracy. 

(3) Political: death Federal party — reasons; trans- 

formation Republican; rise of military 
reputations — Jackson, Harrison. Scott, &c; 
above all, establishment of a conscious 
nationality. 

(d) Personnel: W. H. Crawford, A. J. Dallas. 
Questions: (1) Compare ability of American and British com- 
missioners for treaty of peace. (2) What factions in the Ameri- 
can commission? (3) Who was able to harmonize the commis- 
sion in large part? (4) Compare the first British with the first 
American instructions to their commissioners. (5) Were the 
questions that caused the war included in the treaty? (6) What 
two important causes led the British to modify their demands in 
making the treaty of peace? (7) How do you explain the great 
changes in point of view of the American people during the war? 



52 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(8) Was the Federal party unpatriotic, — i. e. did it go beyond 
legitimate criticism of an opposition party? (9) What questions 
divided the American commissioners? (10) In what respect was 
Clay a successful diplomat? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XIII, 168-201; 
McMaster, IV, 256-279; Schouler, II, 477-491, 492-503; Schurz, 
Clay, I, 102-125; Morse, J. O. Adamss, 76-98; Adams, Gallatin, 
493-547; Stevens, Gallatin, 301-326; Gordy, II, 325-340; H. Adams, 
IX, 154-292; Foster, Century of Diplomacy, 243-254; Lyman, 
Diplomacy, II, 1-58; W. Wilson, III, 225-227; Walker, Making 
of the Nation, 247-249 ; Von Hoist, I, 273-277 ; Butler, Effects War 
1812; J. H. U. Studies, V, 247-276; Rogers, The True Clay, 76- 
89; Morris, Half Hours, II, 286-305; Coman, Industrial History, 
171-211. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 333-334; Adams, Diary, II, 
498-662, III, 3-144; MacDonald, Select Documents, 192; Clay, 
Works, (Mallory) I, 323-341; Reed-Colton, I, 147-162; Gallatin, 
Writings, (Adams) I, 626-646; Monroe, Writings, (Hamilton) 
1807-1816, 277-281, 370-372, 37S-377; Annals of Congress, 1814- 
1815; App. 1281-1416, 1416-1479. 

Special: Am. Hist. Review, Vol. XI, 68-87. 

(5-11) The New Nation; Domination of Internal Prob- 
lems. 

(5) Money and Banking, 1811-1829. 

(a) National. 

(1) Early history: First Nat. Bank, 1791-1811; 
management; recharter, 1811 — rejection: 
vote-party, section ; position, Gallatin, Craw- 
ford, Clay, &c. ; condition and experiences, 
1811-1816. 

(2) Second Nat. Bank, 1816; recommendation Dallas; 

bills, 1815, veto — reasons; of 1816; vote; 
position parties; provisions — capital, term, 
government, powers; depository for gov- 
ernment revenue — bonus; mismanagement, 
1817-19 — enemies; reform under Cheves; 
Biddle president, 1823-1841 ; conditions, 
1821-1829; question of constitutionality in 
minds people; by Supreme Court — Mc- 
Culloch vs. Md., 1819. 

(b) State. 

(1) Early years; State laws, inadequacy; reform 

in Mass. 1812 — the Suffolk system. 

(2) 1812-1816; enormous growth — reasons; paper 

money — amount, character ; suspension 
specie payments — meaning, effects. 

(3) 1817-1829: gradual reforms; New York sys- 

tem, 1829. 



NATIONALIZATION OF REPUBLICANS 53 



(c) Money. 

(1) National: silver — mainly foreign; gold almost 

none; paper, issued by banks. 

(2) State: paper money — amount, value, and ef- 

fects. 

(d) Deposit Government Revenue. 

(1) 1791-1811, 1816-1833, in National banks. 

(2) 1811-1816 in State banks. 

(e) Personnel: Lowndes, Cheves, Wm. Wirt. 
Questions: (1) What line of argument did Clay follow in his 

speech on the bank in 1808? (2) How did Gallatin stand in re- 
gard to recharter? (3) What position did the Federalists take 
in regard to a national bank 1816? (4) Outline the terms of 
the bank charter of 1816? (5) What was the "Suffold system" in 
relation to State banking? (6) What was the condition of the 
paper money about 1812-17? (7) What is meant by the "sus- 
pension of specie payments/' 1814? (8) By whom was the 
government revenue held and paid out 1812-16? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XIII, 216-230; 
Gordy, II, 341-358; McMaster, IV, 280-318; Schouler, II, 493- 
498: 'Hildreth, VI, 581-584, 630-631, 651-653, 679-681; Dewey, 
Financial Hist., 144-161 ; Bolles, Financial Hist, II, 261-284, 
317-358; Sumner, Hist, of the American Currency, 68-79; H. C. 
Adams in J. H. U. Studies, II; Knox, U. S. Notes, 21-39; Young, 
Am. Statesman, 272-273, 281-282; Schurz, Clay, I, 132-137; 
Lodge, Webster, 58-67; Curtis, Webster, I, 140-152; Coman, 
Industrial History, 193-196; Burgess, Middle Period. 1-18; Cur- 
tis, Webster, I, 146-152; Von Hoist, I, 382-388; Callender, Eco- 
nomic Hist. U. S. 564-578; McElroy, Kentucky in the Nations 
History, 377-395- 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 377-339; MacDonald, Select 
Documents, 207-212, Documentary Source Book, 302-306; Hart, 
Contemporaries, III, 441-450: Richardson, Messages, I, 555-557; 
Clark & Hall, Bank U. S., 619-656, 7141"; Elliott, Funding Sys- 
tem, 588-595, 609-611, 6231. 670-676, 688-693, 733-762; Benton, 
V, 469-477, 595-608; Annals of Congress, 1814-1815, 994-1030, 
1816-1817, 1337-1344. 

Special: Am. Hist. Ass. Report (1896), I, 361-372. 

(6) The tariff, 1789-1824. 

(a) First stage in development of protection, 1783-1703. 

(1) State # of mind, 1783-86: against restriction; 

universal liberty. 

(2) Restriction, 1786-1789: due to policy European 

nations; American relation; formation of 
the constitution — national control of trade. 

(3) Under the constitution: tariff acts, 1789-1792; 

basis — revenue, retaliation, economic protec- 
tion ; Hamilton's report on manufacturers. 



54 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(b) Second stage, 1793-1815. 

(1) First period, 1 793-1807: European wars; 

profitableness and dominance of agricul- 
ture and commerce; manufactures at a 
standstill. 

(2) Second period, 1807-1815 : embargo, non-inter- 

course, and war; ruin commerce; uncer- 
tainty market for agriculture ; necessity for 
manufactures — supply of labor and capital ; 
development cotton, woollen, iron, &c. 
industries. 

(c) Third stage, 181 5-1824. 

(1) Conditions in England, 1815 : accumulation 

manufactured goods, no market, sell in 
America — auction. 

(2) In America : necessity of protection — "infant 

industries"; a "home market"; new na- 
tional spirit. 

(2) Act of 1816: terms, rates on cottons, wool, 

woollens, &c. ; the ''minimum principle" ; 
vote — party, section, "interests" for and 
against; arguments — pro and con; state 
papers — Dallas report, &c. 

(3) Act 1818: extension "minimum principle" to 

iron. 

(4) 1818-1824: effect crisis, 1819-21 ; sectionaliza- 

tion. 

Questions: (1) How do you explain the "state of mind" of 
the American people in regard to "free trade" about 1783? (2) 
What is meant by "retaliation" and "reciprocity"? (3) How did 
the course of events affect the principle of protection in the 
United States, 1793-1815? (4) What were the two chief arguments 
for a protective tariff, 1816? (5) How do you explain the op- 
position to protection on the part of Mass. previous to 1824? (6) 
What was Calhoun's attitude to protection in 1816 — how explain? 
(7) What is meant by the "minimum principle"? (8) How did 
the sections divide in regard to protection, about 1824? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XIII, 231-242; 
Gordy, II, 352-354; McMaster, IV, 490-493, 510-521; Schouler, 
II, 490-500; Schurz, Clay, I, 129-131 ; Curtis, Webster, I, 129- 
132; Dewey, Financial Hist., 161-165; Bolles, Financial Hist., II, 
284-293, 359-366; Taussig, Tariff Hist., 7-75; Elliott, Leland Stan- 
ford, Jr., Publications, 67-112, 1 13-162, 163-214; Sumner, Protec- 
tion, 17-44; Hill, First Stages of Tariff Controversy, 75-107, 107- 
132; Stanwood, Am. Tariff Controversy, I, 39-110, 111-199; Hil- 
dreth, VI, 681-682; H. C. Adams in J. H. U. Studies, II; Bogard, 
Economic Hist. U. S.. 130-154; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist., I, 355- 
370; Coman, Industrial Hist., 138-146, 180-190; Rogers, The True 
Henry Clay, 214-230; Curtis, Webster, I, 152-153; Rabbeno, Am. 



NATIONALIZATION OF REPUBLICANS 55 



Commercial Policy, 146-183, 286-354; Callender, Economic Hist. 
U. S., 487-498; Cambridge Modern Hist., VII, 349-357. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 334-337; Hart, Contempora- 
ries, 434-436; Benton, Abridgments, I, 57-64, 72-84, IV, 393-398, 
588-590; Niles, Register, IX, 447-451; Annals, 1789-179 1 , 176-230 
292-365; 1816-1817, 1239-1248, 1314-1338, 1651-1656, 1666-1695, 
1702-1711; Am. State Papers, Finance, I, 743-744; II, 425-431, 
666-689, HI, 85-93, 594-624, 636-639. 

(7) Industrial and Economic Conditions: Crisis of 1819. 

(a) General conditions. 

(1) Population: increase, distribution — city and 

country, sections, center of population. 

(2) Area: settled, open; free, slave. 

(3) Commerce and trade: manufactures — kinds, 

amounts ; agriculture — crops. 

(b) Era of speculation, 18 15-18 18. 

(1) Causes: return of world-peace — hopefulness; 

superabundance money; development of a 
new country; inventions — steam-boat, &c. 

(2) Manifestations: imports, 1815 — $83,000,000, 

18 1 6— $155,000,000; exports, 1815 — $46,000,- 
000, 1 81 6— $65,000,000; revenue, 1816; esti- 
mated $13,000,000, actual $36,000,000; immi- 
gration. 

(3) Result — crisis. 

(c) The Crisis, 1819-22. 

(1) General causes: psychological — mass move- 

ments, alternation hope and depression; in- 
dustrial organisation of the age — a credit 
basis, industrial world a unity, localization 
of industry, production for the future. 

(2) Special : time and intensity determining — de- 

gree of speculation, intensity of reaction; 
wars and crop conditions; international 
sympathy; monetary and banking condi- 
tions ; legislation. 

(3) History: prices; industry — labor, wages; 

banks and money ; governmental revenues ; 
national debt. 

(d) Recovery. 

(1) Reasons: completion of period of saving and 

debt payment; psychological revival — a 
new generation of business men ; consump- 
tion of existing goods — necessity of new 
production ; reversal conditions ; legisla- 
tion. 

(2) Time: — Clay — Webster statements of 1824. 



56 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



Questions: (i) What were the leading agricultural productions 
of each section, about 1815-1820? (2) What industry dominated 
New England previous to about 1820? (3) How do you explain 
the speculation of the years 1815-1818? (6) What great differ- 
ence in world trade relationships came in with modern inventions ? 
(4) Dates of the great crisis in American history. (5) Had these 
periodical crises prevailed previous to the 19th century? (7) By 
what date had the country recovered from the crisis of 1819? 
(8) Why did it recover? (9) How did the crisis affect protec- 
tion? (10) Was there a crisis in Europe at this time? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XIV, 134-148; 
McMaster, IV, 341-350, 484-525; Schouler, II, 230-248; III, 109- 
120; H. Adams, IX, 154; Dewey, Financial Hist, 165-171 ; Gordy, 
II, 445-465; Juglar, A Brief History of Panics, 32-53; Jones, Hist, 
of Crises; Noyes, Atlantic Monthly, 98: 433-445; Gouge, Paper 
Money and Banking, 75-82; Bishop, Hist, of Am. Manufactures, 
II, 248f . ; Walker, Making of the Nation, Appendix. 

Source: Census Report, 1820; Hart, Contemporaries, 430-433; 
Niles, Register, Vol. 15, 418-20, 217-222; Vol. 16, 136-137; 263- 
264, 337-340; Vol. 17, 116-120, 145-146; Vol. 18, 151, 287, 321, 448, 
464; Am. State Papers, Finance, under Manufactures. 

(8) Internal improvements, 1789-1829. 

(a) Under the Federalists, 1789-1801. 

(1) Importance: recognition by Washington; re- 

tention west, unify nation. 

(2) Meagerness of accomplishment : dominance of 

other interests — putting constitution into 
operation; New England's apathy — fair 
roads, short distances, commercial inter- 
ests, jealousy west and south. 

(3) Work: by nation — -light houses, buoys, &c. ; by 

states — canals, rivers, turnpikes — first in 
Pa., 1792. 

(b) Under Republicans, 1801-1812. 

(1) Strength Republicans: in south and west — 

vast distances, lack of /oads, canals, &c. ; 
recognition of necessity. 

(2) Comprehensive plans : Jefferson's Messages — 

constitutional amendment ; Gallatin's 
Report, 1808 — roads and canals connecting 
all sections; coast survey. 

(3) Work: by nation — meager; Cumberland road, 

harbors, light-houes, &c. ; delay — embargo, 
&c. ; by States — extensive movements. 

(c) Under National Republicans, 181 5-1829. 
GO Construction of Cumberland Road. 

(2) Calhoun's plans; Bonus bill; Madison's veto, 
1817; great debate 18 18— affirmation of 
Constitutional right. 



NATIONALIZATION OF REPUBLICANS 57 



(3) Monroe's veto, 1823 — arguments; river and 

harbor bills — national scope. 

(4) State action: Erie canal by N. Y. ; other 

canals, roads, &c; state debts. 

(5) A party question — a sectional tendency. 
Questions: (1) Who was perhaps the first man to recognize 

fully the importance of a system of internal improvements? (2) 
Would you expect the Federalists to favor — did they? (3) Were 
conditions such as to make the Republicans more or less favor- 
able in practice? (4) What was Jefferson's attitude towards in- 
ternal improvements? (5) Outline Gallatin's plan as reported in 
1808? (6) Compare it in relative importance with the Panama 
canal of today. (7) What was the Cumberland Road? (8) How 
did Calhoun stand in regard to internal improvements, 1817-1820? 
(9) What the arguments of Madison in his veto of 1817? (10) 
From what clauses of the constitution did the friends of internal 
improvements claim the right to construct? (11) Under whose 
authority were most of the internal improvements made? (12) 
What was the greatest single piece of work previous to 1830? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XII, 33f; XIII, 
243-258; XIV, 84-11 1, 224-235; McMaster, IV, 381-429; V, 121- 
151, 167-168; Schouler, II, 498, III, 247, 295; W. Wilson, III, 236- 
252; Coman, 154-166, 201-211; Bogart, Economic Hist. U. S., 170- 
200; Alexander, A Pol. Hist, of N. Y., I, 241-252; Stevens, Galla- 
tin, 290 ; Adams, Gallatin, 349-353 ; Rogers, The True Henry Clay, 
93-95; Schurz, Clay, I, 137-138, 142-146; Hurlburt Highways, Vols. 
13 and 14 — Canals; Vol. X — The Cumberland Road; Vols. 11 
and 12 — Roads; Callender, Economic Hist., 313-344, 345-367, 387- 
401, 404f. 

Source: Washington, Works, IX, 114-115; Am. State Papers, 
Miscellaneous, I, 74of, II, 466-467, 533-537; Mallory, Clay, I, 351- 
352, 356-376; Reed-Colton, Clay, I, 450-475^, Calhoun, Works, II, 
186-196, V, 40-54; Benton, Abridgment V, 704-710, 721; VI, 120- 
122; VII, 447-452; Richardson Messages, I, 409-410, 584-585; II, 
142-182; Annals, Vol. 31, 1114-1250; Statesman Manual, I, 492, 
II, 497f ; Buchanan, Works (Moore) I, 313-314, 383-396, 398-417; 
Adams, Memoirs, see index. 

(9) Slavery, 1774-1820. 

(a) Sectionalisation of the Nation, 1776-1804. 

(1) Influence of revolutionary spirit: on slave 

trade — condemnation by Congress, 1774, 
forbidden by states, 1 798-1804, by nation, 
1808: on slavery — discussion in South, 
emancipation in North, 1780-1804. 

(2) Result: Northern States and North-west ter- 

ritory, free; Southern States and South- 
west territory, slave. 

(3) Public belief: slavery a dying institution. 



58 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(b) Intensification of Sectionalism, 1804-1820. 

(1) Industrial development: rise of manufactures, 

commerce, intensive agriculture in North — 
free (skilled) labor; the cotton gin (1793) 
and "short staple" cotton in South — cotton 
and slavery in uplands — unification of 
South. 

(2) Rise of new generation — character, effect. 

(c) Preservation of Equilibrium. 

(1) In Senate: alternate admission of slave and 

free States— Vt. (1791), Ky. (1792), Tenn. 
(1796); O. (1803), La. (1812); Ind. 
(1816), Miss. (1817); 111. (1818), Ala. 
(1819) ; Me. (1820), Mo. (1821). 

(2) In House: Representatives, (1793), North, 

57, South, 53; (1820), North 133, South 90. 
Population: (1790), North, 1,768,000, 
South, 1,761,000; O1820), North, 5,132,000, 
South, 4,522,000. 

(d) Imp on ant Events. 

(1) First Congressional debate 1790 — resolutions. 

(2) Fugitive slave act, cotton gin, 1793. 

(3) Slavery: recognition in Miss. Territory. 1798; 

in D. C, 1800; in Louisiana Purchase, 1804. 

(5) Slave trade, 1808- 

(6) Colonization : Jefferson's scheme, 1801 ; Col- 

onization Society, 1816; Liberia, 1820. 

(7) Illicit importation of slaves — Amelia Island, 

&c. 

Questions: (1) Why was the Declaration of Independence 
silent on the question of slavery? (2) What justification for the 
belief rather prevalent about 1800 that slavery would die out? 
(3) How do you explain the rise of sectionalism? (4) How do 
you explain the gain of the North over the South in population, 
1 790- 1820? (5) What effect can you trace from this fact? (6) 
Give terms of the fugitive slave act. (7) Would you call the 
South a pro-slave section before 1815? (8) Outline Jefferson's 
ideas in regard to slavery and emancipation. (9) When was the 
slave trade abolished — what was the chief item in debate? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XII, 83-84, 100- 
110; XIV, 45-66, 75-80, 92-95, 149-154; Gordy, II, 390-406; Von 
Hoist, I, 273-356; H. Wilson, Rise and Fall of Slave Power, I, 
18-97; Burgess, Middle Period, 39-60; Schouler, I, 156-157, 160- 
162; II, 62-66, 142-147, 259-270; III, 99-101, 134-146; McMaster, 
II, 15-22, 162-165; HI, 42-45, 514-528; IV, 556-569; Johnston, Am. 
Pol. Hist. I, 83-105; Rhodes, I, 12-29; Elson, Hist. U. S., 456-459; 
Smith, A Political Hist, of Slavery, I, 1-32; Hildreth, IV, 91-96, 
174-204; 386-388, 500-504; V, 642-644; VI, 635-638, 660; Reed, 
The Brothers' War, 1-61 ; Merriam, The Negro and the Nation ; 
Thomas, The American Negro; Du Bois, Suppression of the 



NATIONALIZATION OF REPUBLICANS 59 



Slave Trade, 39-130; Spears, The African Slave Trade; Williams, 
II, 1-30; Davis, Confederate Government, I, 3-12. 

Source: Caldwell, Survey of Am. History, 124-145; Hart, Con- 
temporaries, III, 214-221; MacDonald, Select Documents, 171-176; 
Randall, Jefferson, III, 667-668, index; Benton, Abridgment, I, 
201-238, 397; II, 221-224; III, 494-502; Ames State Documents, 
No. 4, 1-4; Annals of Congress, index; Am. State Papers, Miscl. 
II, 957-975- 

(10-11) The Missouri Compromise, 18 19-21. 

(a) Preliminary Conceptions. 

(1) Unification sections: reasons for; a surprise to 

both. 

(2) Development of two antagonistic labor sys- 

tems; extensive — intensive; characteristics 
each. 

(3) Future equilibrium of sections; new States; 

extension slavery; struggle for power. 

(b) The First Struggle, 1818-1819. 

(1) The enabling act: Tallmadge amendment; 

struggle in House — passage; in the Senate — 
defeat; deadlock. 

(2) Arkansas Territory: Taylor amendment — de- 

feat. 

(3) Suggestion by McLane (Del.) of a com- 

promise line. 

(4) Debate : leaders — Barbour, Cobb, Scott, &c. vs. 

Tallmadge, Taylor, Fuller, &c. ; arguments — 
moral, political, industrial, constitutional — 
right to impose a permanent condition on a 
new State, power of Congress in a terri- 
tory. 

(5) The summer of 1819: discussion by people. 

(c) The Second Struggle, 1819-20. 

(1) Maine vs. Missouri: House vs. Senate; Tay- 

lor amendment to Mo. bill ; its passage by 
House ; union two bills by Senate ; deadlock, 
March 1. 

(2) Compromise : Thomas amendment — terms ; ac- 

ceptance by Senate, rejection by House; 
final agreement — terms. 

(3) Great debate: King vs. Pinkney; issues — 

equality, of states, right to impose condi- 
ditions ; control of slavery in territories ; 
meaning "importation and migration", of 
terms of Louisiana Purchase. 

(d) The Final Struggle, 1820-182 1. 

(1) Missouri's constitution; questions of constitu- 
tionality of free negro exclusion clause ; of 
right to decide — Congress or the Courts ; of 



60 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



moment of Statehood — force of an enabling 
act. 

(2) Debate : bitterness. 

(3) Compromise: Clay leader; committee of 13; 

proposal — final acceptance; Missouri a 
State, 1821. 

(e) Results. 

(1) Political: legalization of sectionalism. 

(2) Constitutional — revivification of doctrines of 

strict construction and States Rights; as- 
sertion of Congressional control over terri- 
tories. 

(3) Slavery: a practical issue. 

(f) Personnel: R. King, Wm. Pinkney; J. Tallmadge, 

Taylor. 

Questions: (1) Had the North and the South been uncon- 
sciously growing apart previous to 1818? (2) What had been the 
chief factors in the change? (3) What event opened the eyes of 
both sections ?_ (4) How did the Tallmadge and the Taylor 
amendments differ? (5) What were the two leading questions in 
the discussion over the admission of Missouri in 1819, and again 
in 1820? (6) On which one was the South a unit? (7) What 
were the exact terms of the compromise of 1820? (8) What was 
the chief point at issue in the struggle in 1821 ? (9) How was it 
compromised? (10) Was the compromise of 1821 a new com- 
promise or merely a supplement to the one of 1820? (11) Who 
was the author of the compromise of 1821? (12) Why did the 
Missouri struggle tend to revive the strict construction of the 
Constitution? (13) What was its general tendency in regard to 
State's Rights ? ( 14) How did Jefferson regard the compromise ? 

(15) What doctrine prevailed in regard to control of territories? 

(16) What other theories were suggested? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XIV, 149-171 ; 
Burgess, Middle Period, 61-107; Gordy, II, 407-444; Schouler, III, 
147-171, 178-186; McMaster, IV, 570-607; Rhodes, I, 29-40; Von 
Hoist, 340-381; H. Wilson, I, 135-161 ; Thorpe, Const. Hist, II, 
361-371; Short Const. Hist, 139-151; Moore, Am. Cong., 221-227; 
Tucker, Jefferson, 474-475; Young, Am. Statesman, 313-319; 
Morse, J. A. Adams, 120-124; Schurz, Clay, 1, 172-202 ; Rogers, The 
True Clay, 235-239; Garland, J. Randolph, II, 1 18-136; Hunt, 
Calhoun, 53-56; Morris, Half-Hours, II, 305-316; Elson, Side 
Lights, I, 149-166 ; Chase, Teaching of Patriots and Statesmen, 
195-282; Merriam, Negro and the Nation, 21-27, 34-39; Hildreth, 
VI, 661-676, 682-698, 703, 706-713; Am. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, 
IV, 249f; Randall, Jefferson, III, 454-459; Dixon, The Repeal of 
the Mo. Compromise, 47-125; Shepard, Van Buren, 75-80; Carr, 
Missouri in Am. Commonwealth Series, 1 17-163; J. H. U. Studies, 
IX, Andrews, Hist of U. S., Ill, 52-63. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 344-346; Caldwell, Some Am. 
Legislators, 39-40; MacDonald, Select Documents, 219-226; Doc- 



NATIONALIZATION OF REPUBLICANS 61 



umentaiy Source Book; Hart, Contemporaries, 452-458; Benton, 
Abridgments, VI, 339^ 35of, 397*; Annals of Congress, Vol. 33, 
12031", Vol. 35, 3891", 75of, Vol. 36, 13821", 1461", I49if. Niles, Regis- 
ter, Vol. 17, 7i, I5I-I54, 199-201, 215-221, 342-344, 442-444 ; J. Q. 
Adams, Memoirs, V, 5-15; Am. Orations, II, 331", 631"; Harding, 
Select Orations, 191-211; King, Life and Correspondence, VI, 
690-703; Larned, Hist, for Ready Reference, V, 3360; Ames, 
State Documents, No. V, 4-10; 
Special: Am. Hist. Ass. Reports (1893), 249-298. 

(12-14) Foreign Relations, 1815-1830. 
(12) With England. 

(a) Issues. 

Commerce; compensation for slaves; slave trade; 
navigation of rivers — Miss., St. Lawrence; 
Oregon; the fisheries; boundaries. 

(b) Treaty 18 15. 

Commercial; settlement trade relations with Eng- 
land, with East Indies — terms, workings. 

(c) Treaty 181 5. 

(1) Negotiations 1815-1818 — Adams, Gallatin, 

Rush vs. Bathurst, Bagot, 

(2) Settlement: Oregon, northwest boundary* 

negro, fisheries questions. 

(3) Oregon: joint occupancy — term, conditions. 

(4) Negroes: compensation — arbitration; final 

award. 

(5) Boundary: 49 parallel — conditions. 

(6) Fisheries: treaty 1783— "rights," "liberty," 

meaning each; effect war 1812 on treaty — 
position of England, of America; final set- 
tlement — new terms, three mile limit — 
meaning; new controversies over interpre- 
tation, 1818-1910. 

(d) Unsettled Problems. 

(1) West Indian trade, 1815-1829: exclusion, re- 

taliation, destruction; abandonment colo- 
nial policy by England, 1825; final settle- 
ment, 1829 — terms. 

(2) Main boundary: treaty of Ghent, 1814; survey, 

arbitration; decision 1828-1831 by King 
Netherlands ; rejection by the United States ; 
settlement 1842. 

(3) Rivers: Miss. — abandonment claim by Eng- 

land; St. Lawrence — position United 
States, of England; settlement 1871. 

(4) Cuba: United States against English acquisi- 

tion. 

(e) Personnel: T. Barclay, J. Holmes. 



62 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



Questions: (i) For what principle did the United States con- 
tend regarding the navigation of the St. Lawrence river? (2) 
What is meant by "joint occupancy"? (3) What question at issue 
in regard to the north-west boundary in dispute, 1814-18? (4) 
What "liberties" in regard to the fisheries contained in treaty of 
1783? (i5) How interpreted by England, — by United States? (6) 
What interpretations given to the "three mile" provision in the 
Fisheries treaty? (7) What was the Maine boundary dispute? 
(8) When and why did England abandon her old Colonial system 
in regard to colonial trade? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XIII, 259- 
270; Schouler, III, 121-129 McMaster, IV, 457-474, V, 13- 
27; Adams, Galatin, 548-552, 568-572, 613-627; Moore, Am. 
Diplomacy, 427-444; Isham, The Fishery Question, 26- 
51; Lyman, Diplomacy, II, 59-119, 237-278; Schurz, 
Clay, I, 123-125, 300-307; Sumner, Jackson, 165-170, i97f; 
Rush, Court of London, 29-38, 502-626 ; H. Wilson, Rise and Fall 
Slave Power, I, 98-122 ; Schuyler, Diplomacy, Morse, J. Q. Adams, 
98-101, 138-149; Young, Am. Statesman, 377-381; Moore, Digest 
of Int. Law, I, 780-796, 631 ; V, 223, 711-716, index under topics. 

Source: Snow, Am. Diplomacy, 76-81; Am. State Papers, 
Foreign Relations, VI, 2131, 757f, 893f ; Treaties and Conventions, 
I, 392; Memoirs of J. Q. Adams, III, 218-248, VI, 91, IX, 229, 
480, 540, 542, index in Vol. XII. 

(13) With Spain. 

(a) Over the Floridas. 

(1) Ownership of West Florida: claim of Jeffer- 

son, Monroe, etc.; secret legislation, 181 1- 
1813; seizure, 1812-1814. 

(2) Border troubles: over slaves and slave trade — 

Amelia Island; British base in War of 
1812; Indians. 

(3) The Seminole War, 1816-1818: causes; Jack- 

son's invasion — the Rhea letter, Spain's 
protest; attitude cabinet — censure; in Con- 
gress — Clay's resolutions of censure; de- 
fense by Adams — reasons; outcome. 

(b) The Treaty of 1819. 

(1) Issues: debts, western boundary — Texas, 

Florida. 

(2) Negotiations : Adams — Don Onis, skill. 

(3) Boundaries: suggestions; final settlement — 

abandonment Texas ; attitude of Clay. 

(4) The purchase of Florida : terms ; reasons — es- 

tablishment natural boundaries, contract 
of Miss, river and gulf; removal causes of 
friction. 

(5) Ratification: delay by Spain — reasons; sug- 

gestions of seizure ; changes ; rectification, 
outcome. 



NATIONALIZATION OF REPUBLICANS 63 



(c) Cuba. 

Ownership ; proposed guaranty in Spain ; attitude 
of United States. 

(d) Spanish America. 

(1) Revolutions: aid from United States — neu- 

trality; relation of Florida treaty and rec- 
ognition of independence. 

(2) Independence : attitude of Clay — speeches and 

resolutions ; final actions. 

(e) Personnel: Don Ouis. 

Questions: (1) How did the dispute with Spain over West 
Florida arise? (2) Was the United States justified in taking 
possession of West Florida? (3) Into what difficulties did Jack- 
son plunge the United States by his invasion of Florida, 1818? 
(4) Action of Clay in Congress. (5) Reasons that led United 
States wish to buy and made Spain ready to sell Florida. 

(6) What was the total cost to the United States of Florida? 

(7) Give the American-Spanish boundary of the treaty of 1819. 

(8) Was Clay justified in his opposition to the Spanish treaty of 
1819? (9) Why did the King of Spain delay giving his signa- 
ture to the treaty? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XIII, 271-289; 
McMaster, IV, 372-375, 43^-456, 474-483; Schouler, III, 24-31, 57- 
95, 130-132, 175-176, 189; Hildreth VI, 641-646, 658, 712-713; 
Latane, Diplomatic Relations of U. S. and Spanish Am. 56-88, 89- 
102; Moore, Am. Diplomacy, 231-233; Foster, Diplomacy, 257- 
267; Lyman, Diplomacy, II, 129-169; Chadwick, Diplomacy, 121- 
147; Fuller, The Purchase of Florida, 242-330; Burgess, Middle 
Period, 19-38; Schculer, Essays; Am. Hist. Mag., Vol. 19, 286- 
301; Austin, Steps in Expansion, 127-149. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 342-344; Caldwell, Territorial, 
Development, 104-127; MacDonald, Select Documents, 213-219; 
Hart, Contemporaries, 481-483, 502-506; Clay, Works, Mallory, I, 
377-419, 421-445, 448-460; Reed-Colton, I, 232-272, 274-297; Stat- 
utes, Vol. 8, 252 ; Treaties and Conventions ; Adams, Memoirs, V, 
16-288, index in Vol. XII; Donaldson, Public Domain, 108-120; 
Niles, Register, Vols. 17 and 18, index, under Florida; Benton, 
Abridgments, VI, index ; Fuller, The Purchase of Florida, Appen- 
dix, 333-358, 37i-38o. 

(14) With the World: The Monroe Doctrine, 1823. 
(a) South American Conditions. 

(1) 1808, Spanish colonies: colonial policy — trade 

in hands of mother country. 

(2) 1808-1822 ; revolutions : proclamation of Re- 

publics; leaders, Miranda, Bolivar, San 
Martins, etc. ; sympathy of United States ; 
filibustering. 

(3) Independence: recognition by United States 

of Mexico, Central America, South Ameri- 
can States ; open markets. 



64 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(b) Conditions in Europe, 1815-1823. 

(1) Holy Alliance, 1815: members; early policy; 

advent Metternich ; transformation Alli- 
ance into League; meetings sovereigns; 
principles regarding constitutions, free 
speech and free press, self-government; 
action in Italy, Spain, jetc. ; plans for Span- 
ish America. 

(2) England's awakening: Canning's proposal; 

Rush's reply ; transmission to United States. 

(3) American response : Adams', Jefferson's, Madi- 

son's, Monroe's positions; influence Can- 
ning's statement. 

(c) The Monroe Doctrine, Dec. 2, 1823. 

(1) Occasion for proclamation — European pro- 

gram. 

(2) Policies in doctrine : neutrality^-ia, growth, 

Washington, Jefferson, &c; non-action by 
European nations in American affairs-— 
colonization, interposition, and extension 
European system of government; reasons 
for each principle. 
C3) Authorship — claimants. 

(4) Effects — immediate, ultimate. 

(5) Contemporaneous interpretation — by Adams, 

by House of Representatives. 

(d) Personnel: Metternick, Geo. Canning, R. Rush. 
Questions: (1) Into how many general divisions may the 

Monroe Doctrine be divided? (2) What are its essential princi- 
ples as laid down Dec. 2, 1823? (3) What changes in the Ameri- 
cas preliminary to the promulgation of the "Monroe" side of the 
Monroe Doctrine? (4) What European conditions brought about 
the immediate proclamation? (5) Is Canning's claim to author- 
ship well founded? (6) For what principles did the Congress 
of Verona, 1822, declare? (7) What proposal by Canning to Rush? 
(8) Did the Monroe Doctrine establish a legal principle? (9) 
What was the contemporaneous interpretation of its meaning? 
(10) Upon what force did it depend for its effectiveness? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XIV, 199-223; 
Gordy, II, 484-496; McMaster, V, 28-54; Schouler, III, 277-292; 
Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist. I, 314-340; Burgess, Middle Period, 
Von Hoist, I, 409-420; Thorpe, Const. Hist. II, 379-385; Moore, 
Am. Diplomacy, 131-167; Latane, Diplomatic Relations, U. S. 
and Spanish Am. 68-88; Snow, Am. Diplomacy, 237-294; Chad- 
wick, Diplomacy, 185-204; Henderson, Am. Diplomatic Questions, 
289; Hart, Foundations of Am. Foreign Policy; Muller, Hist, of 
Nineteenth Century, if; McMaster, With the Fathers, i : 54; 
Tucker, The Monroe Doctrine; Reddaway, The Monroe Doctrine; 
Edington, The Monroe Doctrine, Poole, Index for Magazine Lit, 
Am. Hist Soc. R, III, 77-90, 676-695. 



NATIONALIZATION OF REPUBLICANS 65 



Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 346-349; Hart Contempora- 
ries, III, 479-480, 487-489, 494-502 ; MacDonald, Select Documents, 
228-231; Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 4; Richardson, Messages and 
Papers, II, 329; Jefferson, Writings (Ford) X, 249-250, 256-258, 
261-262, 277-278, 283; Madison, Writings (Congressional Ed.) Ill, 
329-331, 339-341, 345-348; Rush, Court of London, 412-480. 

Special: Am. Hist. Ass. Reports, (1805), I, 123-132. 

(15-17) End of Republicanism. 

(15) The New West; A Rising Power. 

(a) Movement to the West, 1815-1830. 

(1) Extent: Per cent increase, 1820-1830; La. 41; 

Tenn. and O., 61 ; Miss., 81 ; Ala., 142 ; Ind., 
133; 111., 185; total increase from 2,217,000 
to 3,700,000 ; voting power, House 47 out of 
213 ; Senate 18 out of 48 members. 

(2) Types: the aggressive, discontented, hardy, 

ambitious ; democratic. 

(3) New States, 1812-1821 ; La., Ind., Miss., 111., 

Ala., Mo. 

(4) Area : Vast — unlimited outlook, unbounded im- 

agination. 

(5) Significance: Most significant in American 

History, 1812-1830. 

(b) Industrial development; transportation. » 

(1) Industries: stock, cereals, cotton. 

(2) cost transportation; 1817 — $10.00 per 100, 

1825, $3.00; reduction by means of steam, 
roads and canals to one-third in 15 years; 
yet wheat in 111. per bu. 25c, on coast, 80c. 

(3) Significance steamboat vs. raft: raft — drifting, 

down-stream, southward, slaveryward ; 
steamboat — up-stream, positive, scientific, 
northward, anti-slavery. 

(c) General awakening. 

(1) Inventions — new power over nature: use of 

anthracite coal, gas for city lighting, rail- 
roads, etc. 

(2) Labor: labor organizations; demands — 

shorter hours, better wages; beginning of 
modern ideas. 

(3) Schools: public, education a public duty; self- 

government — education a preparation. 

(d) General Results. 

(1) Passing of European standards; new ideas — 

confidence in American ideals — looking to 
future. 

(2) New organizations: democratic in character. 

t Questions: (1) What factors led to the great westward migra- 
tion after 1810? (2) Relative increase in growth of population 



66 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



in various sections, 1810-1830: (3) How did cost of transportation 
influence public opinion in regard to internal improvements? 
(4) From what section of the country did the great majority of 
the early settlers in O., Ind. and 111. come? (5) What change be- 
gins to be prominent in regard to origin of settlers in these states 
by 1830? (6) What proof can be given today to show different 
origin of settlers in northern and southern 111. for example? 
(7) Was there any movement in the Eastern States in general har- 
mony with the demands of the West? (8) How do you explain 
such a general awakening in regard to education about 1830? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XIV, 67-133; Mc- 
Master, IV, 381-410; V, 82-108, 121-174; 268-372; Schouler, III, 
346-355; Coman, Industrial Hist, 180-185, 201-21 1; Wright, In- 
dustrial Hist, 117-142; 215-228, 231-240; Sparks, Expansion of 
the Am. People, 227-289; Bogard, Economic Hist, of U. S., 170- 
215, 238-246; Callender, Economic Hist, of U. S., 617-633, 666- 
690. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 380-395: Hart, Contemporaries, 
459-478, 509-530; De Tocqueville, Democracy in Am., II, 161-178, 
208-241, 249f, 266-281; Grund, The Americans; Dickens, Am. 
Notes ; Harriet Martineau, Travels in the U. S. ; Mackay, A Trip 
Through the U. S. ; Chambers, Things as They Are in Am. 

Special: Am. Hist Ass. Reports (1893), 197-220; Am. Hist 
Review, XI, 303-327. 

(16) Disintegration Parties, 1816-1824. 

(a) Federal dissolution. 

(1) Reasons: sectionalism of party strength; no 

foreign recruits; position in war of 1812 — 
non-patriotic; passing old conditions of 
division, as foreign relations, aristocracy, 
interpretation constitution; new issues — 
cross-cutting old lines of demarcation. 

(2) Result: tendency to disintegration of its party- 

antagonist. 

(b) Personal politics, 1818-1824. 

(1) Characteristics: jealousies personalities, in- 

trigues. 

(2) Local struggles : New York — Clintonians and 

Antis; Penn., personal issues. 

(3) Leaders : Clay, Adams, Jackson, Calhoun, 

Crawford, Webster, Gallatin, Rush, Clin- 
ton, Lowndes, etc. 

(4) Election 1820: no opposition to Monroe — 

'Era of Good Feeling." 

(5) Congress: character; occupation — presidential 

making. 

(c) Election 1824. ♦ 

(1) Candidates: Adams, Jackson, Crawford, Clay, 
Calhoun, Clinton. 



NATIONALIZATION OF REPUBLICANS 67 



(2) Campaign : methods nomination — caucus, state 

legislatures, mass meetings; personalities; 
methods choosing electors — people, state 
legislatures. 

(3) Result, Jackson, 99; Adams, 84; Crawford, 

41 ; Clay, 37 ; no choice — election by House, 
(d) Personnel: S. Thompson, J. McLean, Major 
Lewis. 

Questions: (1) Why did the Federal party disappear? (2) 
Did the Federal party go beyond a legitimate opposition to the 
Central government during the war of 1812? (3) Was the "Era 
of Good Feeling" well named? (4) What can be said of the 
ability and work of the Congress sitting from 1821 to 1823? (5) 
How» were the candidates for president nominated, 1824? (6) 
What were the objections to the caucus system? (7) To what 
party had the candidates belonged? (8) How far was the cam- 
paign of 1824 fought on principles? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XIV, 172-198; 
Gordy, II, 511-560; Burgess, Middle Period, 1-18, 131-165; John- 
ston, Am. Pol. Hist, II, 178-182; McMaster, IV, 357-371, 376-380; 

V, 55-81, 488-515; Schouler, III, 1-17, 43-54, 256-270, 324, 326- 
345, 397-417; Woodburn, Political Parties, 31-37; W. Wilson, III, 
266-270; Alexander, A Political Hist, of N. Y., I, 321-356; Morse, 
J. Q. Adams, 149-205; Schurz, Clay, I, 203-267; Hunt, Calhoun, 
47-62; Rogers, The True Clay, 124-144; Lodge, Webster, 140- 
146; Curtis, Webster, I, 235-239; Stanwood, Hist, of the Presi- 
dency, 1 15-136; Buell, Jackson, index; Orth, Five Am. Politicians, 
192-196; Garland, J. Randolph,, II, 227-233; Moore, Am. Cong., 
2 37- 2 59; Young, Am. Statesman, 341-348; Winsor, Narrative and 
Critical Hist., VII, 281-282; Meigs, Benton, 117-143; McClure, 
Our Presidents, etc., 39-44; Parton, Jackson, III, 11-54; Wise, 
Seven Decades, 76-83. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 349-351; Adams, Memoirs 

VI, 240-248, 265f; Weed, Reminiscences, I, 67-156; Benton, 
Thirty Years View, I, 44-45; Benton, Abridgment, VII, 517-540, 
600-603; Niles, Register, Vol. 26, index, "Presidential;" Clay, 
Works, Mallory, Colton, Reed-Colton, Table of Contents. 

Special: Am. Hist. Ass. Reports, (1904), 175-202. 

(17) Reorganisation Parties, 1825-1828. 

(a) Election, 1825. 

(1) In the . House; candidates — Jackson, Adams, 
Crawford; strength each; attempted com- 
binations ; position Clay— decision ; election 
of Adams by Clay's friends ; charge of a 
"corrupt bargain" ; investigation— evidence, 
conclusion; opinion of Jackson; error of 
Clay and Adams. 

(b) The "Ins"— "Adams Men." 

(1) Adams policy: message — national, broad con- 
struction, aggressive; effect. 



68 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(2) Clay as Secretary of State: treaties; Ameri- 

can ; positive. 

(3) Measures — appointment ministers, Panama 

Congress, 1826; national university. 

(4) National republicans: origin and significance, 

name; composition. 

(5) Principles, on bank, tariff, internal improve- 

ments, army and navy, strong government ; 
appointments and removals. 

(c) The "Outs"— "Jackson Men! 3 

(1) Combination: friends Jackson, Crawford, Cal- 

houn; organizer — Van Buren; a party of 
opposition. 

(2) Party cognomen: Democratic Republicans — 

origin and significance of name; composi- 
tion. 

(3) Principles: personal — "vindicate Jackson and 

the people;" on subject matter — bank, tariff, 
internal improvements, debt, taxation, sur- 
plus. 

(d) Election, 1828. 

(1) Candidates: Jackson, Adams — method of 

nomination. 

(2) Principles. 

(3) Campaign : character — personal, vituperative. 

(4) Result: Jackson, 178; Adams, 83 — its signifi- 

cance. 

(e) Personnel: J. Forsyth, Van Buren, Isaac Hill. 
Questions: (1) What various combinations of candidates sug- 
gested during the campaign? (2) What charges made in regard 
combinations attempted or entered into after the popular vote? (3) 
Did Clay err in accepting the position of Secretary of State? 
(4) Was there any sectional tendency in the reorganization of 
parties? (5) How did the Federalists divide in the reformation 
of parties? (6) What significance in the new party names? (7) 
Was either one, if so which one, was the legitimate successor of 
the Jeffersonian party? (8) What tendency manifest by 1828 in 
regard to new party principles? (9) Is it legitimate to say that 
the new parties were the old ones under new names? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XIV, 261-285, 
286-332; Gordy, 561-581; Stanwood, Hist, of Presidency, 136-150 ; 
Schurz, Clay, 236-350; Burgess, Middle period, 142-165; Parton, 
Jackson, III, 54-120, 137-152; McMaster, V, 78-81, 488-498, 513- 
520; Schouler, III, 326-345, 356-366, 397-439; Alexander, A Pol, 
Hist, I, 357-369; Morse, J. Q. Adams, 174-220; Schurz, Clay, I, 
236-350; Rogers, The True Clay, 124-144; Orth, Five Am. Politi- 
cians, 196-210; McClure, Our Presidents and How We Make 
Them, 44-51; Wise, Seven Decades, 83-89, 112-116; W. Wilson, 
III, 280-291. 



NATIONALIZATION OF REPUBLICANS 69 



Source: Cluskey, Political Text Book, 86 f, 686f ; Sargent, Men 
and Events, I, Index; Mallory, Clay, I, 594; Reed-Colton, Clay, I, 
309-426; Benton, View, I, 46-50, 54-86; Niles, Vol. 27, 353, 366- 
368, 386; Vol. 28, 71-79, i34-!38; Benton, Abridgment, VIII, 
292-324; Weed, Reminiscences, I, 157-183, 195-350, 469I 

(18) The Supreme Court, 1789-1837. 

(a) Membership. 

(1) Chief-justices: Jay, Rutledge, Ellsworth, 

1789-1801; John Marshall, 1801-1837. 

(2) Other distinguished members: James Wilson, 

Joseph Story. 

(b) Practice. 

(1) Rejection all non-judicial work: act as com- 

missioners, pronounce opinions on request 
president. 

(2) Early decisions: number — few; character — 

mainly unimportant. 

(3) Result: inferior position of court. 

(4) Beginning of constitutional importance, 1803: 

Marshall in Marbury vs. Madison — power 
court to declare laws void. 

(c) Famous Cases. 

(1) Principles upheld: broad construction of con- 

stitution; national sovereignty. 

(2) Specific cases: McCulloch vs. Md. (1819) — 

doctrine of implied powers ; American In- 
surance Co. vs. Canter (1828) — right to ac- 
quire territory; Martin vs. Hunter's Les- 
see (1816) — right of Supreme Court to de- 
clare void State legislative acts; Dart- 
mouth College cases (1819) — States not 
able to impair contracts ; Cohens vs. Vir- 
ginia (1821) right of appeal from State Su- 
preme to United States Supreme Court; 
Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) — regulation of 
commerce. 

(d) Personnel: J. Story, Bushrod Washington. 
Questions: (1) How do you explain the resignation of Jay as 

chief-justice to become the governor of New York? (2) By what 
time were the members of the Supreme Court appointees of Re- 
publican presidents? (3) Were their decisions in harmony with 
broad or strict construction ? (4) What was Jefferson's attitude 
towards the Supreme Court? (5) Has time justified or condemned 
him? (6) When did the Supreme Court become in fact an 
equal of the other departments of government? (7) What was 
the courts great work between 1815 and 1830? (8) What prin- 
ciples were established by the great decisions during these years? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. # XIII, 290-308; 
Landon, Const. Hist. 226-280; McClain, Constitutional Law, 4-25, 



70 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



219-255; Hart. Actual Government, 295-319; Michigan Law Lec- 
tures, 53-120; Magruder, Marshall, 159-198; Bascom, Growth of 
Nationality, 1-45; Thayer, Marshall, 54-157; Bryce, Am. Common- 
wealth, I, 178-200; Coole3% Constitutional Limitations, ch. 7; 
Story, Commentaries, I, 377-551 ; Story, Life and Letters of Story, 
I, 211-574, H, 1 -160; Van Santvoort, Lives of the Chief Justices, 
295-456; Carson, The Supreme Court, 195-287; Harvard Law Re- 
view, VII, I29f. 

Source: Boyd, Cases, 32-40, 172-191, 308-324, 412-430, 583-584, 
603-615, 627-637. Thayer, Cases, I, I07f, I23f, 27if, 285f, 35of, II, 
1 5§4f , i8oof. Supreme Court Reports, See Digest for Cases. 



CHAPTER V. 



DEMOCRACY IN THE SADDLE; THE FRONTIER AND 
THE WEST DOMINANT, 1828-1843. 

General References for the Period, 1829- 1843. 

Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XIV. 299-332; XV, XVI, XVII, 1-85; 
Schouler, IV, 1-427; McMaster, V, 526-556; VI, VII, 1-285; Elson, 
Hist, of U. S., 478-515; Young, Am. Statesman, 476-702; Stan- 
wood, Hist, of Pres., 142-206; McClure, Our Presidents, 47-75; 
Burgess, Middle Periods, 166-288 ; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist., I, 393- 
437; II, 1-66; W. Wilson, Hist, of Am. People, I, f ; Von Hoist, I. 
459-505; II, 1-500; Fess, Pol. Theory, 120-178; Andrews, Hist, of 
U. S., Ill, 63-179; Austin, Steps in Expansion, 150-164; Cam- 
bridge, Mod. Hist., VII, 378-394; DuBois, Suppression of Slave 
Trade, 151 f ; Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, I. 291-409; II, 1-38 ; 
Taussig, Hist, of Tariff, 109-160; Bolles, Financial Hist., 375-413; 

H. Wilson, Rise and Fall of Slave Power, I, 165-438; Coman, In- 
dustrial Hist., 191-212; Dewey, Financial Hist., 172-246; Foster, 
Century of Diplomacy, 273-309; Woodburn, Pol. Parties, 38-65; 
Parton, Jackson, III. 164-641; Sumner, Jackson, 119-387; Morse, 
J. Q. Adams, 226-306; Lodge, Webster, 150-257; Curtis, Webster, 

I, 347-612: II, 1-205; Rogers, The True H. Clay, 145-320; Schurz, 
H. Clay, II, 1-229; Hunt, Calhoun, 121-258; Von Hoist, Calhoun; 
Pinckney. Calhoun ; Roosevelt, Benton, 63-281 ; Meigs, Benton, 
183-276; H. A. Wise, Seven Decades of the Union, 1 19-215; Garri- 
son's Garrison, Vols. I-IV; Larned, Hist, for Ready Reference. 

Sources: Caldwell and Persinger, 353-397; Caldwell, Survey of 
Am. Hist., 123-171; MacDonald, Select Documents, 238-343; Doc- 
umentary Source Book, 320-368; Hart, Contemp., Ill, 527-696; 
Richardson, Messages, II, 434f; III; IV, 1-74; Ames, State Doc- 
uments on Federal Relations, 128-237; Sargent, Public Men and 
Events, I, 81-349; II, 1-112; Statesman's Manual, II; Nile's Reg- 
ister, Vol. 38f; Memoirs of J. Q. Adams, VIIH; Benton, Thirty 
Years' View, I, 119-739; Benton, Abridgment of Cong. Debates; 
Annals of Congress; Debates of Congress; Congressional Globe; 
Works of Statesmen, as Clay, Calhoun. Buchanan, Fillmore, Web- 
ster, Madison, Tyler, etc. 

E. Democracy in the Saddle; the Frontier and the West 
Dominant, 1828- 1843. 
(1) Leadership, 1829-1841: Jackson and Benton of democ- 
racy; Webster of nationality; Calhoun and 
J. Q. Adams of rising sectionalism ; Clay of 
compromise. 
71 



72 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(a) Jackson, 1767-1845. 

(1) Formative years : ancestry, early environment, 

Revolutionary experiences, education, law. 

(2) In Tenn. : ^ prosecutor, member constitutional 

convention; congressman; judge, leader 
militia; planter, merchant. 

(3) Military career: Indians, war 1812; Seminole 

war. 

(4) A National character: Senator, presidential 

candidate ; ^ friends, enemies ; principles ; 
characteristics — physical, intellectual, moral. 

(b) Thos. H. Benton, 1782-1858. 

(1) Early years: family, environment in N. C. ; in 

Tenn.j education, law, planter; legislator. 

(2) Missouri: Senate, principles, measures, party; 

characteristics — physical, mental, moral. 

(c) /. Q. Adams, 1767-1848. 

(1) Beginnings: family, early surroundings — at 

home, in Europe ; education — Harvard. 

(2) Public apprenticeship; diplomacy — Holland, 

Senator; minister to Russia; treaty peace, 
1814; minister to England. 

(3) Later career: secretary of state; president; 

character, personality, principles, measures. 

(d) D. Webster, 1782-18 52. 

(1) Life in New Hampshire: home life, education, 

student, law ; member House ; politics ; law- 
yer. 

(2) Removal to Mass., 1816; Boston lawyer, ora- 

tor — great orations; returns to House; 
principles — bank, tariff, internal improve- 
ments, land; enters the Senate — changes. 

(3) Characteristics : physical — size, voice, appear- 

ance; intellectual, logic, language, power; 
moral qualities; standing 1829 — political, 
oratorical, principles; strength, weakness. 

Questions: (1) Can you find in these men any characteristics 
that mark their early environment? (2) What physical advan- 
tages did they have? (3) Compare the four in educational oppor- 
tunities. (4) How did their education seemingly affect their ca- 
reers? (5) How do they rank in intellectual endowments? (6) 
In what line of work did each do greatest service for his coun- 
try? (7) Can you pick out six men today who would rank on a 
par with the six here named? (8) Why did only two reach the 
presidency? (9) On the whole which one stands highest in your 
e stimation — why ? 

References: (a) "Jackson:" Lives — Brown, Buell, Dusenberry, 
Parton, Sumner, Stoddard; Thatcher, Ideas that Have Influenced 
Civilization, VIII, 274; Am. Nation, XI, 147; XV, 16-27; Sparks, 
Men Who Have Made the Nation, 282-317; Schouler, III, 451- 



DEMOCRACY IN THE SADDLE, 1828-1843 73 



465, IV, 112-117, 264-274; Fiske, Essays, I, 219-315; Roosevelt, 
Benton, 63; McMaster, II, III, IV, Index; Benton, Thirty Years' 
View; Peck, Jacksonian Epoch; New Internat. Ency. ; Source — 
Hart, Contemp., Ill, 483-487, 531-535, 540-544, 548-553 J Richard- 
son, Messages, II, 435; HI, 1-308; Statesman's Manual, II. 

(b) "Thos. H. Benton :" Lives— Meigs, Roosevelt; Thatcher, 
* Ideas that Have Influenced Civilization, VIII, 196; Source — Ben- 
ton, Thirty Years' View; Am. Orations, I, 320. 

(c) "J- Q- Adams:" Lives — Morse, Seward, Stoddard; Josiah 
Quincy, Memoir ; Schouler, III, Index ; Thatcher, Ideas that Have 
Influenced Civilization, VIII, 28; Source — J. Q. Adams' Memoirs 
(12 Vols. ed. by Chas. F. Adams) ; Caldwell, Some Am. Legisla- 
tors, 27-57; Richardson, Messages. II, 291-432; Statesman's Man- 
ual, I. 

(d) "Daniel Webster:" Lives — Curtis (2 Vols.), Everett, 
Gould, King, Lanman, Lodge, McMaster, Parton, Scudder, 
Wheeler, (Webster, the Expounder of the Constitution) ; Reed, 
The Brother's War, 130-60; Fiske, Hist. Essays, I, 363-411; 
Veeder, Legal Masterpieces, 470-580; Harvey, Reminiscences and 
Anecdotes of D. Webster; Sparks, Men Who Made the Nation, 
318-45 ; Thatcher, Ideas that Have Influenced Civilization, VIII, 
246; Reed, Brother's War, i3of; Source — Caldwell, Some Am. 
Legislators, 75-99; Letters of D. Webster; Private Correspond- 
ence (ed. Fletcher Webster) ; Writings and Speeches (18 Vols.) ; 
Am. Orations, II, Table of Contents ; McDonald. Select Docu- 
ments, 240-49, 255-59; Bryan, World's Famous Orations, IX, 3-63; 
Statesman's Manual, I, II ; New Internat. Ency. 

(2) Democracy Demands change and Seeks Reform 
1825-1891. 

(a) Organization of Jackson's Administration. 

(1) Cabinet: State (Van Buren) ; War (Eaton) 

Treasury (Ingham) ; Navy (Branch), Atty. 
General (Berrien), P. M. Gen. (Barry) ; 
later changes. 

(2) "Kitchen Cabinet" : — Lewis, Green, Blair, 

Kendall, Hill. 

(b) The Civil Service — "Rotation in Office! 3 

(1) Previous history: partisan; growing beauroc- 

racy; cry — aristocracy of office holders. 

(2) Basis new policy: party warfare — spoils to 

victors ; competency of masses ; special 
equipment unnecessary. 

(3) Application: removals — number, reasons, ef- 

fects. 

(4) Outcome — "Spoils system." 

(c) Betterments in Life of Masses. 

(1) Education: public, free, universal; duty of 
State; improvements; newspapers — number, 
change in character, reasons ; literature — 
rising American, new quality, development. 



74 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(2) Temperance: societies, reform, reasons; ex- 

tent "tippling" houses — character. 

(3) Religious revivals: extent; clauses, effect. 

(4) Prisons : character, improvement ; for debt — 

extent, laws against, reasons. 

(5) Labor: demands, hours, wages, position; coop- 

erative societies — Brookfarm, etc. ; Owen, 
Fanny Wright, etc. ; woman rights, 
(d) Extending Democracy. 

(1) World Wide: French Revolution, 1830; Eng- 

lish Reform bill, 1832; unrest Europe. 

(2) Suffrage: extending; new State Constitutions. 

(3) First signs of individualism yielding to co- 

operation. 

Questions: (1) What was the relation of Jackson to his cab- 
inet? (2) What do you understand by a "Kitchen cabinet?" 
(3) What change in civil service came in with Jackson? (4) Was 
he responsible for the "spoils system?" (5) Give the arguments 
for a system of "rotation" in office. (6) Were reform measures 
more marked about 1830 than previously? (7) If so how do you 
explain it? (8) What significance in a labor party appearing at 
this time? (9) What movement developed by Robert Dale Owen? 
(10) Was the political morality improving or retrograding? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nation, XV, 3-16, 43-65, 
226-228; McMaster, V, 121-226; 268-372, 519-536; VI, 69-113; 
Schouler, III, 451-467, 507-529; IV, 1-31 ; Elson, 478-485; Sparks, 
The U. S., 1-88; Stanwood, Hist, of Presidency, 150-162; Young, 
Am. Statesman, 476-486; Sparks, Expansion of Am. People, 259- 
300; Von Hoist, II, 1-31; Sumner, Jackson, 136-163; Clusky, 
Pol. Text Book. 

Sources: Caldwell and Persinger, 356-361, 379-396; Hart, Con- 
temp., Ill, 509-574; Travels of Europeans in America — De Toc- 
queville, Democracy in Am., (2 vols.); Mrs. Trollope, Domestic 
Manners of the Americans ; Francis Kemble, Journal ; Harriet 
Martineau, Society in Am. (2 vols.) ; Bernhard, Duke of Saxe- 
weimar Eisenach, Travels in No. Am. (2 vols.) ; Buckingham, 
Slave States of Am. ; Weld, Travels Through No. Am. States 
(2 vols.); Wright, Views of Am.; Lyell, Travels in the U. S. 
(2 vols.) ; Sargent, Public Men and Events, I, 161-164. 

(3) Foreign Affairs; Indifference and Bluntness of the 
Self -Satisfied and Self-Absorbed Democracy 
Toward Foreign Affairs. 
(a) England. 

(1) West India trade: reopening — 1830, method, 

criticism. 

(2) Maine boundary: findings of King of Holland, 

rejection, reasons; Canadian Rebellion — 
Caroline episode. 

(3) Oregon: demands of the west. 



DEMOCRACY IN THE SADDLE, 1828-1843 75 



(b) France. 

(1) Claims: origin, amount, history. 

(2) Treaty, 1830: non-fulfillment by France; rea- 

sons; Jackson's demands, message to con- 
gress ; withdrawal of ministers, danger war ; 
England's offer of good offices — settlement. 

(3) Jackson's diplomacy. 

(c) Mexico. 

(1) Texas: attempts to purchase — by Adams, by 

Jackson; revolution — Houston; independ- 
ence. 

(2) Conditions: revolutions; American claims, — 

character ; treaty 1840 — arbitration ; non- 
payment of av/ard by Mexico. 

(d) Texas. 

(1) Annexation: proposals, 1836-1838 — rejection, 

reasons; later lukewarmness of Texas — 
reasons. 

(2) Conditions, 1838-1844; debt, taxes, slavery; in- 

tervention by England and France; Ameri- 
can desires. 

(e) Personnel: Sam Houston, Forsyth. 

Questions: (1) What was the basis of the commercial difficulty 
between the U. S. and Gt. Britain? (2) Explain the causes of 
the Canadian rebellion of 1837 — compare conditions with 1776. 
(3) Reasons for the lukewarmness of the East in regard to the 
Oregon question. (4) Do you approve of Jackson's course in the 
French treaty matter? (5) What one commendable feature in 
American diplomacy in general? (6) What were the American 
claims against Mexico? (7) Reasons for rejection of Texas 
offers of Annexation, 1837. (8) Were conditions satisfactory 
within the Texan republic 1838-1844? (9) Did foreign affairs 
play a relatively large or small part in our history during this 
era? (10) How explain? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nation, XV, 200-218; 
XVI, 276-296; XVII, 67-85, 85-157. 188-285; McMaster, VI, 236- 
243, 251-271, 299-305, 379-382, 429-466, 513-523; Schouler, IV, 239- 
257, and Table of Contents; Von Hoist, II, 548-634; Burgess, Mid- 
dle Period, 287-303; W. Wilson, IV, Index; Elson, 496-498; 
Young, Am. Statesman, Table of Contents ; Hildreth, VI, Index ; 
Gordy, II, 484^ Schuyler, 22of ; Henderson, Am. Dip. Questions, 
289f ; Hart, Foundations for Am. Foreign Policy, 21 if; Garrison, 
Texas, 1-269; Snow, Am. Dip., 82f, and Table of Contents; Foster, 
Diplomacy, 273-297 ; Holland, Van Buren, 234-261 ; Sumner, Jack- 
son, 164-184, 343-374; Parton, Jackson, III, 5611"; Martin, Van 
Buren, 223f; Roosevelt, Benton, 154-163^ Lodge, Webster, 235- 
256 ; Curtis, Webster, II, Table of Contents ; Von Hoist, Calhoun, 
220-231. 

Sources: Caldwell and Per singer, 398-407; Hart, Contemp., I, 
6 37-652; MacDonald, Select Documents, 335-343; Documentary 



76 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



Source Book, 361-368; Niles, Register, Vols. 14-67, Index; Benton, 
View, I, Table of Contents; Am. State Papers, Foreign Rel., V, 
VI; Richardson, Messages, II, 209, 217-219; 329*:; 444I, etc.; Ill, 
20f, ioof, 1351, I52f, etc. ; Statesman's Manual, II, Table of Con- 
tents; J. Q. Adams' Memoirs, Works of Statesmen; Debates in 
Congress; Congressional Globe; Moore, Digest of International 
Law, Index, Vol. VIII. 

(4-5) Antagonism of Democracy to Monopoly and Privilege. 
(4) The Second National Bank, 1816-1836. 

(a) History. 

(1) Previous to 1829: charter 1816; early misman- 

agement — enemies ; national deposit — con- 
trol by secretary of treasury; President 
Biddle; condition 1828 — parent bank, 
branches. 

(2) 1829-1832: antagonism of "Kitchen Cabinet" 

1829— Portsmouth branch; correspondence 
of Biddle and Ingham; Jackson's messages 
— question of constitutionality and expedi- 
ency of Bank; Congressional approval; ne- 
gotiations Biddle and Jackson, 1831-1832. 

(b) Recharter, 1832. 

(1) Recharter bills: terms — similar to old; policy 

— question, friends of bank for; passage — 
vote. 

(2) Veto: arguments — unsound, provisions un- 

wise, bonus too small, monopoly. 

(3) Political question: responsibility for; debate in 

Congress; speeches Benton, Webster, Clay, 
etc. ; arguments for and against. 

(c) Removal of Government Deposits, Oct., 1833. 

( 1 ) Authority : by law in secretary of treasury ; as- 

sumed by Jackson — "Letter Read to Cabi- 
net;" Duane's action — removal; Taney's 
appointment ; action — reasons given to Con- 
gress. 

(2) State banks : choice, conditions, criticisms. 

(3) Censure: Clay's "Resolutions;" Jackson's 

"Protest;" constitutional questions. 

(4) Expurgation: Benton's, resolutions; character, 

success, 1837; Jackson's satisfaction. 

(d) Personnel: Dane, N. Biddle, Ingham. 
Questions: (1) When was the foundation for the unpopular- 
ity of the bank laid? (2) What probably made Jackson openly 
hostile to the bank? (3) Who was responsible for getting the 
bank into politics? (4) Was a bank such as that of 1816-1836 in 
harmony with our political institutions? (5) What were the im- 
portant reasons assigned by Jackson against the bank in his veto? 
(6) Was he justified in forcing the removal of the surplus or de- 



DEMOCRACY IN THE SADDLE, 1828-1843 77 



posits? (7) Did the Senate have a moral right to pass its resolu- 
tion of censure against Jackson? (8) What were the chief ar- 
guments of Jackson's "protest?" (9) Was the resolution of "ex- 
punging" constitutional? (10) On the whole was Jackson's oppo- 
sition to the bank justifiable? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nation, S., XIII, 220-228, 
294-296; XIV, 136-140; XV, 112-122, Index; Schouler, III, 458- 
475; IV, 44-71; Adams, VIII, 435; IX, 17; McMaster, VI, 1-10; 
131-134; 138-148; 183-223; Elson, 492-496; Young Am. Statesman, 
500-510, 566-575. 591-622; Stanwood, Hist, of Presidency, 155-156, 
178 ; Burgess. Middle Period, chs. IX, XII ; Catteral, The Second 
National Bank, Index; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist., I, 393-421; W. 
Wilson, Hist, of Am. People, IV, Index; Von Hoist, II, Index; 
Cambridge, Modern History, 383f ; Bolles, Financial Hist, Index; 
Coman, Industrial History, 194-197; Dewey, Financial History, 
Index; Bogart, Economic Hist, of U. S., 219-222; Parton, Jack- 
son, II, 372-433, 493-533; Sumner, Jackson, 224-322; Roosevelt, 
Benton, 102-140; Meigs, Benton, 183-246; Curtis, Webster, I, 47of ; 
Hunt, Calhoun, 202-215; Von Hoist, Calhoun, 109-110; Shephard, 
Van Buren, Index; Mason in Harvard Studies, the Veto Power, 
32f; Sparks, Men Who Made the Nation, Index; Wise, Seven 
Decades ; Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, I, Index. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 337-339, 363-369; MacDonald, 
Select Documents, 207-213, 259-268, 289-304, 317-33; Documentary 
Source Book, 302-306, 320-329, 344-353, 355-361 ; Am. Hist. Leaf- 
let, No. 24, Niles, Register, Vols. 45 and 42, Index; Richardson, 
Messages, II, Index ; Williams, Statesman's Manual, II ; Benton, 
View, Table of Contents ; Adams, J. Q., Memoirs, VIII, IX ; Clark 
and Hall, Legislative and Documentary Hist, of U. S. Bank, 609- 
732, 781; Elliot, Funding System, Index; Thayer's Cases, I, 2711"; 
Boyd's Cases, Index; Story, Commentaries, II, Sec. 1759; Debates 
of Congress; Congressional Globe; Works of Calhoun, Webster, 
Van Buren, Tyler, etc. 

(5) Financial Conditions and Changes. 

(a) Monetary. 

(1) Coinage: ration coinage, 15 to 1 (1792-1834) ; 

effect; acts 1834- 1838— ratio 16 to 1; result; 
purpose of change. 

(2) Bank paper: depreciation; suppression of 

small bills ; purpose of Benton, etc. — la- 
borer, etc.; question of issuance of paper 
money by banks. 

(b) Surplus revenue. 

(1) Amount: Dec. 1836 — $41,000,000. 

(2) Origin: Tariff— high 1824-1832; little reduc- 

tion; Clay and protectionists policy; in- 
crease revenue with prosperity; land sales — 
$2,000,000 (1830), $5,000,000 (1834), $14,- 
700,000 (1835), $24,800,000 (1836); lessen- 
ing government need — debt paid, 1835. 



78 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(3) Expenditure : proposals — internal improve- 
ments, distribution among states. 

(c) Management surplus. 

(1) Instrumentalities: National bank (1816-1833) ; 

State banks (1833-1840) ; Independent 
treasury, (1840-1841), (1846-1910). 

(2) Distribution, 1837: terms act; uses by States; 

effects; criticism. 

(d) State Banking. 

(1) History: issuance currency — defective laws, 

depreciation ; improvements — Mass., "Suf- 
folk System/' 1812; N. Y. "Free-banking 
Act," 1829, etc. 

(2) "Pet-banks," 1833-1840: government deposito- 

ries — condition; failure, 1837; government 
losses ; outcome. 

(e) Personnel: Berrien, Duff Green, F. M. Blair. 
Questions: (1) Of what did the money in circulation consist 

about 1830? (2) What changes and purposes had Benton in 
mind in regard to money? (3) Why was there such a surplus 
revenue in 1836? (4) Upon whom shall the responsibility for the 
surplus be placed? (5) What proposals were made for disposing 
of the surplus? (6) What was finally done? (7) Was the 
measure one to be followed as a precedent? (8) From what 
source was all the paper money issued after 1836? (9) What 
were the "Pet-Banks?" (10) What systems had the U. S. used 
up to 1840 in depositing its surplus revenue? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., X, I39f; XIII, 
157; XV, 91, 120, 130, 138, 143, 218-240, 254, 288, 299; 
XVI, 299f; XXVII, Index; Schouler, VI, 132-156, i7of ; McMas- 
ter, VI, 183-223; Von Hoist, II, 51, 68, 188, Index; Young, Am. 
Statesman, 591-630; Burgess, Middle Period, 278-288; Cambridge 
Mod. Hist, VII, 383f; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist, I, 401-421; 
Bourne, Distribution of Surplus Revenue ; Bolles, Financial Hist., 
156-175, 261-284, 303-359, 502-518; Coman, Indust. Hist, 45, 83, 
151, 198; Dewey, Financial Hist, 18, 36, 70, 75, 144, 209, 219; 
Bogart, Economic Hist., 217-228; Parton, Jackson, III, 50of; 
Sumner, Jackson, 322-343; Roosevelt, Benton, 128-139; Meigs, 
Benton, 225-276; Taylor, Memoir of R. B. Taney, 191-248; Wise, 
Seven Decades, 134-141 ; Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 
I, 469-488; Clusky, Pd. Text Book. 

Sources: McDonald, Select Documents, 289-304; Documentary 
Source Book, 344-353 5 Benton, View, I, Table of Contents; El- 
liot, Funding System, Index; Niles, Register, Vols. 45, 50, 51, 52, 
Index; Sargent, Public Men and Events, I, 253, 276; Statesman's 
Manual, II; Richardson, Messages, II, III; Works of Statesmen, 
Calhoun, Clay, Webster, Tyler, Adams, etc. 

(6-7) Democratic Hopefulness; Its Effects. 
(6) Era of Speculation, 1833-1837. 
(a) Causes. 



DEMOCRACY IN THE SADDLE, 1828-1843 79 



(1) Point of view of masses: new political power 

— hope of new industrial conquests; energy, 
ambition, daring. 

(2) Opening of West : appreciation of extent, rich- 

ness in resources, future; appeal to 
imagination and to ambition. 

(3) Transportation: opening up resources; canals 

— Erie, Susquehannah, etc.; Steam-boats — 
lessening cost carriage of goods ; railroads — 
annihilation of distance. 

(4) Capital : abundance — European, domestic ; 

long era of peace; paper money — national, 
State banks; gold. 

(5) Governmental policy: administrative meas- 

ures — removal of deposits, distribution 
among State banks, "Specie Circular;" leg- 
islative measures — excessive revenue, tariff, 
land; deposit act, 1836. 

(6) The governmental surplus : "deposit" with 

States ; "easy come, easy go ;" uses by 
States, effects — speculation, money market. 

(7) Resultant : exuberant optimism. 

(b) Extent. 

(1) Prices: Cotton, 6c (1832), 12 to 20c (1836); 

real estate, N. Y. City, $104,000,000 (1832), 
$253,000,000 (1836). 

(2) Banking: Capital, $145,000,000 (1829), $290,- 

000,000 (1836) ; loans, $200,000,000 (1829), 
$525,000,000 (1836). 

(3) Surplus, $11,000,000 (1834), $41,000,000 (Dec. 

1836). 

(4) Land sales, $2,000,000 (1830), $24,800,000 

(1836). 

(5) Cotton production, 1,000,000 bales (1830), 

2,000,000 (1840). 

(6) River steam tonnage, 63,000 (1830), 250,000 

tons (1837). 

(c) Result: reaction. 

(d) Personnel: Silas Wright, W. C. Rives. 
Questions: (1) Are years of extreme speculation as regular 

and periodical as are periods of crises? (2) What general causes 
of speculative periods can you find? (3) About how often has 
this mania of speculation existed in our history? (4) How far 
can you connect political measures and speculation? (5) What 
are the chief phenomena of periods of speculation? (6) What 
factors seem to have aided in making the crisis of 1837 very in- 
tense? (7) Can you find any means to determine when a specu- 
lative period may come? (8) Who was primarily responsible for 
the speculative era, 1834-1837? 



80 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(7) The Crisis of 1837-1841. 

(a) Causes. 

(1) General: see outline on crisis of 1819. 

(2) Time determining : European conditions; in- 

flation with natural reaction; administra- 
tive and legislative measures of 1836—- 
"specie circular," "deposit" law. 

(3) Intensity determining: excessive speculation; 

whole history of preceding years; bad 
economic laws — banking, money, etc. 

(b) Attitude of parties. 

(1) Whig: Reasons for crisis — Jackson's measures, 

veto bank bill, removal of deposits, specie 
circular; remedy — change parties, legisla- 
tion; restoration bank, reversal policies. 

(2) Democrats : Reasons for crisis : Bank's action 

— a conspiracy; economic causes (Van 
Buren) — speculation, extravagance; remedy 
— destruction bank; save, pay debts, wait on 
natural course of events, divorce nation and 
bank, establish independent treasury, (Van 
Buren). 

(c) Development. 

(1) Conditions: decrease prices; stoppage sale 

western lands, failures — all sections. 

(2) Ups and downs : 1837 great depression, 1838- 

1839, partial recovery; 1840-1841, hard 
times. 

(d) Effects. 

(1) Political: Whig victory 1840, second great 

democratic uprising; vote, 1,486,000, (1836), 
2,411,000 (1840). 

(2) Independent treasury: separation nation and 

banks in management of good revenue. 

(e) Personnel: Thomas Cor win, Thomas Ewing, 

H. A. Wise. 

Questions: (1) Do you detect any relationship between specu- 
lation and crisis? (2) What causes for the crisis were assigned 
at the time? (3) What were the conditions of the country 1837- 
1841 ? (4) Were there fewer people, less resources, poorer crops, 
1837-1841, than during the years 1834-1837? (5) How do you ac- 
count for the change in conditions? (6) What political changes 
can you trace to the crisis of 1837? (7) What is the real dis- 
tinction between a panic and a crisis? (8) Do you find the 
Democratic or the Whig suggested remedies for the crisis most 
convincing ? 

References, General: Am. Nat. S., XVI, 296-308; XXVI, 276-7; 
Schouler, IV, 170-183, 257-265, 276-294, 324-349; McMaster, VI, 
183-224, 336-419; Von Hoist, II, I72f; Burgess, Middle Period, 
284-288 ; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist., I, 402-426 ; Young Am. States- 



DEMOCRACY IN THE SADDLE, 1828-1843 81 



man, 677-688 ; Peck, Jacksonian Epoch, Index ; McCullough, 
Men and Measures, Index ; Bourne, Surplus Revenue ; Jones, 
Economic Crisis ; Burton, Crisis and Depressions ; Dewey, 
Financial Hist., 223-246; Coman, Indus. Hist., 193-201; Bogart, 
Economic Hist, of U. S., 170-203, 217-238; McClure, Our Presi- 
dents, 59-60; Stanwood. Hist, of Presidency, 178-180; Parton, 
Jackson, III, 537"56i ; Sumner, Jackson, 322-326; Shepard, Van 
Buren, 282-325; Schurz, Clay, II, 114-199; Meigs, Benton, 246f; 
Roosevelt, Benton, 137-146; Tyler, Letters and Times of the 
Tylers, I, 582-584; Clusky, Pol. Text Book. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 379-387; Hart, Contemp- 
oraries, III, 561-574; Niles, Register, Vols. 5of; Sargent, Public 
[Men and Events, I, 30of; II, 16, 761; Benton View, II, 9; and 
Table of Contents ; Statesman's Manual, II, III ; Richardson, Mes- 
sages, III; Collender, Economic Hist, of U. S., 348, 360, 404, 420; 
Works of Calhoun, Adams, Clay, Webster, Tyler, Fillmore, Bu- 
chanan etc. 

(8-11) Appearance of Sectionalism, of Constitutional Re- 
action. 

(8-9) In Nullification Controversy, 1828-1833. 
(8) Causes. 

(a) Physical Geography. 

(1) Climate: diverse productions, varying inter- 

ests ; negro labor — profitableness. 

(2) Rivers : Eastern coast parallel. 

(b) Slavery: basis Southern life — industrial, social; a 

sectional interest; cotton and slavery uni- 
fied by 1830; dominance of agriculture — 
cotton the staple. 

(c) Protection. 

(1) Early attitude: division sentiment, 1816; na- 

tionalistic tendency, mixed agriculture. 

(2) Opposition to protection, 1824: upland cotton 

— unification interests ; recognition of im- 
possibility of manufacturing. 

(3) Unconstitutionality, 1828- 1833 : teaching Coop- 

er of S. C. ; declining agriculture — compe- 
tition of W est ; only method of resistance — 
failure of argument on expediency; theory 
— payment of duty by producer not con- 
sumer, hence by South. 

(d) Details of Tariffs, Injustice to South. 

(1) 1824: great debate — Webter vs. Clay; argu- 

ments ; antagonistic interests ; sectional ten- 
dency; protest of South, of New England. 

(2) 1827-1828: the woolens interest; "tariff of 

abominations;" politics; the schedules on 
cottons, woolens and wool, on iron — effect 
on South; threats — first letter of Calhoun 
on nullification. 



82 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(3) 1832: permanency of protection — a policy; Sr 
C. action; sectionalization; becoming a par- 
ty issue. 

(e) Personnel: Hamilton, Ver Planck, B. F. Butler. 
Questions: (1) What precedents for nullification in our early 
history? (2) When do we first find Calhoun an upholder of the 
doctrine? (3) What had been Calhoun's theory of interpretation 
of the Constitution, 1816? (4) How do you explain the change? 

(5) Over what question did Hayne first set forth the doctrine? 

(6) What issue occasioned the South Carolina nullification of 
1832? (7) Was there any other question in the background? 
(8) By whom was the ordinance of nullification decreed? (9) 
How did Calhoun distinguish in theory between nullification and 
secession? (10) How did Hayne and Calhoun differ in their 
theory of nullification? (11) Which the more logical? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XIII, 231-243; 
XIV, 3-67, 236-45, 314-33; XV, 40, 295, 370, 420, 440; Schouler, 
III, 40, 295, 370, 420, 440; McMaster, V, 227-268 ; Von Hoist, I, 
79, 151, 398, 465; Burgess, Middle Period, 157, 170; Moore, Am. 
Cong., 123, 219, 234, 258; Johnston,. Am. Pol. Hist., I, 341-393 ; 
Young, Am. Statesman, chs. 30, 31, 39; Peck, Jacksonian Epoch; 
McCulloch, Men and Measures; Landon, Const. Hist., 152-160; 
Cambridge, Mod. Hist., VII, 355, 375; Jervey, Robt. Y. Hayne, 
32-46, 106-114, 149-168, 211-235; Parton, Jackson, III, 433f; Sum- 
ner, Jackson, 194-218; Roosevelt, Benton, 79-87; Hunt, Calhoun, 
57-75; Von Hoist, Calhoun, 65-78; Pinckney, Calhoun, 35f; Curtis, 
Webster, I, Table of Contents; Lodge, Webster, 125-168; Tyler, 
Tylers, I, 38if; Wise, Seven Decades, 90-92, 119-133; Stanwood, 
Tariff Controversies, I, 11 1-360; Taussig, Hist, of Tariff, Table of 
Contents; Thompson, Hist, of Protective Tariff, Table of Con- 
tents; Dewey, Financial Hist, 161-185; Coman, Industrial Hist., 
180-193; Clusky, Pol. Text Book. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 334-337, 369-376; Caldwell, 
Survey, ioof, 220-246; Caldwell, Some Am. Legislators, 57-123; 
MacDonald, Select Documents, 231-238; Niles, Register, Vols. 9- 
37, Index; Works of the Statesmen; Benton's, Abridgment of 
Debates, Vols. 5, 6, 7, 8; Annals of Cong, for 1816-28; Works, 
Webster (Lodge ed.), Ill, 94-148, 228-246; (National ed.), V, 94- 
148, 228-246; Clay (Mallory), I, 496-538; Taussig, State Papers 
on the Tariff, Table of Contents. 

(9) Development and Effects of Nullification. 
(a) Basis. 

(1) Historical: Virginia and Kentucky Resolu- 

tions 1798, Hartford Convention report, 
1814. 

(2) Theory of Constitution : a compact of states ; 

unity of sovereignty — in States. 



DEMOCRACY IN THE SADDLE, 1828-1843 83 



(b) Evolution of Doctrine. 

(1) Under Hayne, 1830: Foot — resolution con- 

cerning public lands ; great debate — Benton, 
anger of the West; Hayne's speech — Web- 
ster's reply; theory — a compact of States 
with the union. 

(2) Under Calhoun, 1828-1832: letters and expo- 

sitions; a compact of State with State, the 
Union the resulting "agent" of the States; 
characteristics of remedy — complete, peace- 
ful, immediate, affecting — a single state, 
one act, not otherwise changing rights and 
duties of State in the union. 

(c) Action South Carolina, 1832-1833. 

(1) In legislature: struggle to secure two-thirds 

vote; failure, 1828-1832; success, 1832; call 
of convention; passage of laws to enforce 
replevin, oath, jury, and militia. 

(2) In Convention: ordinance, Nov. 24, 1832; vote 

— -136-26; provisions; addresses; opposition 
by strong Union minority — Drayton, Poin- 
sett, etc. 

(d) Action of the National Government. 

(1) President Jackson: command to Gen. Scott; 

proclamation, Dec. 10 — theory of Constitu- 
tion, appeal; message, Jan. 16, 1833 — recom- 
mendations — force. 

(2) Action Congress : passage "Force bill" — 

terms ; Clay's compromise tariff bill — terms. 

(e) Outcome. 

(1) South Carolina: affirms theory; withdraws or- 

dinance. 

(2) Nation: compromise; death of nullification; 

further development of sectionalism; strict 
construction, 
(d) Personnel: Drayton, McDuffie, A. Kendall. 

Questions: (1) What theory of the constitution at the basis 
of nullification? (2) What proofs did Calhoun give to sustain 
his interpretation? (3) Were his arguments based on the condi- 
tions of 1787 or 1830? (4) Who were Calhoun's chief antago- 
nists in the nullification controversy? (5) How do you explain 
the fact that all sections of the Union at some time had suggested 
nullification? (6) Why did it finally become a sectional theory? 
(7) How explain the fact that South Carolina was its special 
champion? (8) In what documents did Calhoun develop his the- 
ory? (9) Can you imagine any change in circumstances that 
would have made him remain a nationalist. 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XV, 67-112, 148- 
169; Schouler, III, 440-445; IV, 36-44, 54-70, 85-109; McMaster, 
VI, 11-69, 128-130, 135-138, 148-180; Von Hoist, I, 46*7-505; Bur- 



84 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



gess, Middle Period, 210-242; Andrews, III, 63-78; Sparks, the U. 
S., II, 49-64; Rhodes, Hist, of U. S., I, 40-53; Elson, 487-492; John- 
ston, Am. Pol. Hist, I, 421-437; Young, Am. Statesman, 576-587; 
Peck, Jacksonian Epoch, Index; McCullough, Men and Measures, 
Index; Moore, Am. Cong., 258-294; Landon, Const. Hist., 160-166; 
Thorpe, Const. Hist, II, 388-410; Cambridge, Mod. Hist, VII, 
38of ; Thatcher, Ideas that Have Influenced Civilization, see Index, 
Vol. X; Jervey, Robt Y. Hayne, 235-363; Parton, Jackson, III, 
433-485; Sumner, Jackson, 218-224, 277-291 ; Schurz, Clay, II, 1-24; 
Rogers, Clay, Index; Meigs, Benton, 246-253; Roosevelt, Benton, 
87-102; Hunt, Calhoun, 75-198; Pinckney, Calhoun, 46-82; Von 
Hoist, Calhoun, 78-108; Curtis, Webster, I, Index; Lodge, Web- 
ster, 168-199, 207-218; Tyler, Tylers, I, 431-469; Wise, Seven De- 
cades, 1 19-134; Curtis, Buchanan, I, 183-185; Houston, Nullifica- 
tion in So. Ca. ; Powell, Nullification ; Sparks, Men Who Made the 
Nation, Index ; Stephens, War Between the States, I, 3891, 419J ; 
McElroy, Ky. in Nation's Hist., 399-407 ; Morris, Half Hours with 
Am. Hist, II, 317-328; Willoughby, Am. Const System, 10-12, 
54-56 ; Taussig, Hist, of Tariff, Table of Contents ; Stanwood, Tar- 
iff Controversies, I, 349-409 ; Thompson, Hist, of Protective Tariff, 
Table of Contents; Dewey, Financial Hist., 181-189; Coman, In- 
dustrial Hist., i8o-i93f; Clusky, Pol. Text Book; Reed, Brother's 
War, 93-130. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 370-376; Caldwell, Some Am. 
Legislators, 57-123; Hart, Contemp., Ill, 536-540, 544-548; Mac- 
Donald, Select Documents, 239-259, 268-289 ; Documentary Source 
Book, 329-344; Preston, Documents, 299-304; Niles' Register, 
Vols. 37-46, Index; Cooper, Am. Pol., 25-79; Benton, View, I, 
Table of Contents; Statesman's Manual, II; Richardson, Messages 
II, 611-632, 640-656; Ames, State Documents on Federal Relations, 
136-190; Johnston, Am. Orations, I, 233, 248, 303; Bryan, World's 
Best Orations, Index; Am. Patriotism, 223-279, 283-300; Elliott, 
Debates, III, 580-592; Am. Hist Leaflet, No. 30; Callender, Eco- 
nomic Hist., Table of Contents; Benton, Debates, XII; Harding, 
Select Orations, 212-242; Clay's Works, V, 393; Calhoun's Works, 
II, 197, 262; VI, 1-209; Webster, Works, III, 270, 448, etc.; Madi- 
son, Works, IV, 395-425; Works of other Statesmen; Debates in 
Congress ; Congressional Globe ; U. S. Statutes at Large. 

(10-11) In Slavery Issues, 1830-1841. 
(10) Rise of Abolitionism, 1830-1840. 
(a) Origin, two -fold basis. 

(1) Moral element: theory of democracy — equal- 

ity; failure of "dying out" theory; inade- 
quacy of colonization; spirit of reform — 
religious revivals, etc. ; Foreign influence 
— England. 

(2) Industrial competition: slave labor — "free 

trade," free labor — "protection." 



DEMOCRACY IN THE£SADDLE,11828-1843 85 



(b) Development. 

(1) Organization: Boston Society — Garrison, 1830; 

Mass. Society, 183 1 ; National society, 1833 ; 
membership — numbers, women ; world meet- 
ing. 

(2) Leaders: forerunner — Benj. Lundy, character, 

travels, methods, results; Garrison, Love- 
joy, W. Phillips ; G. Smith, A. Tappan, etc. ; 
work. 

(3) Spirit: radical — no compromise; world citi- 

zenship — no patriotism; condemnation con- 
stitution — criticism "fathers ;" immediate 
emancipation, no compensation — attack on 
property rights. 

(4) Reception: mobs; suppression meetings; de- 

nial free speech; attack on negro churches 
and schools — Miss CrandalFs, Nashua, etc., 
murder Lovejoy — reaction of Wendall 
Phillips. 

(c) Decline. 

(1) Quarrels: over woman question, political ac- 

tion; radicals — conservatives; political ac- 
tion — moral suasion. 

(2) "Issues :" free love, socialism, etc. 

(d) Effects. 

(1) On South: harsher laws, intense feeling, so- 

lidification. 

(2) On North : discussion, arousing public opinion. 

(3) On Nation: development sectionalism. 

(e) Personnel: W. L. Garrison, B. Lundy, W. Phillips. 
Questions: (1) How do you explain the rise of abolitionism? 

(2) How did it differ from the former anti-slavery movement? 

(3) Explain its rapid development. (4) Why were the aboli- 
tionists met everywhere by mobs? (5) Who were some of the 
leading abolitionists? (6) What caused split in the societies? 
(7) When was the beginning of the political phase of the move- 
ment? (8) Was this movement unique or part of a larger whole? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XV, 49-256; 
Schouler, I, 204f; IV, 200-216; McMaster, V, 184-227; VI, 69-79, 
178-182, 271-278 ; Von Hoist, I, 409-431 ; II, 80-120; Burgess, Mid- 
dle Period, 39-61, 242-251; Andrews, U. S., Ill, 149-179; Sparks, 
U. S., 89-110; Wilson, U. S., IV, Index; Rhodes, I, 1-95; John- 
ston, Am. Pol. Hist, II, 1-66; Schribner's, IV, 316-349; Wilson, 
Slave Power, I, 18, 57, 165-307, 354-389. 403-422; Moore, Am. 
Cong., 333-336; Cambridge, Mod. Hist., VII., 386f ; Landon, Const. 
Hist, 175-190; Collins, Domestic Slave Trade, Table of Contents; 
Williams, Negro Race, II, 37f ; Smith, Liberty and Free Soil, 1-69 ; 
Smith, Pol. Hist, of Slavery, I, 33-53; Merriam, Negro and the 
Nation, 39f ; Reed, Brother's War, 35-93 ; Greely, Am. Conflict, I, 
I07f; Goodell, Slavery and Anti- Slaver} 7 , 353*; Johnson, in At- 



86 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



lantic Monthly, 47, 558; Siebert, Underground Railroad, Table of 
Contents; Tremain, Slavery in D. of C. ; Du Bois, Garrison and 
the Negro, Independent, 54, 1316-17; J. H. U. Studies, XI, XIV, 
XVII, Index; So. Hist. Assn. Reports, II, 87-130; Schurz, Clay, 
II, 70-96; Rogers, Clay, I45f ; Meigs, Benton, 321-341; Roosevelt, 
Benton, 140-151 ; Pinckney, Calhoun, 151-155; Von Hoist, Cal- 
houn, 121-130; Hart, Chase, 28-103; Curtis, Webster, I, 525f; 
Johnson, Garrison, Table of Contents; Garrison's Garrison (4 
vols.). Table of Contents; Martyn, Phillips, 105-346; Kennedy, 
Whittier, 58-170; Birney, Birney, Index; Julian, Giddings, 37-46; 
Holland, Fred Douglass, 32f ; Clusky, Pol. Text Book, if, Index. 

Sources: Caldwell, Survey, 123-152; Hart, Contemp., Ill, 574- 
619 ; MacDonald, Select Documents, 304-306 ; Documentary Source 
Book, 353-355; Niles' Register for 1828-1837, Index; Benton, 
View, I, Index; Ames, State Documents, 199-220; Johnston, Am. 
Orations, II, 102-122; Am. Hist. Leaflet, No. X; Sargent, Pub. 
Men and Events, Index ; W. Phillips, Speeches ; Whittier, Works, 
1, 125-242; Longfellow, Works, I, 87-97; Works and Speeches of 
Statesmen; Am. Quarterly Observer, I, II, III; U. of N. Am. 
Hist. Studies, V, Nos. 4 and 5 ; Benton, Debates ; Debates in Con- 
gress, etc. ; Contemporary products ; Channing, Slavery, Jay, In- 
quiry, etc.; Jay, View Fed. Govt; Reese, Letters to Jay; Love joy, 
Memoir of Lovejoy; Sunderland, Anti-Slavery Manual; F. Doug- 
lass, Autobiography; Thompson and Breckinridge, Am. Slavery; 
Hildrith, Despotism in Am.; Williams, South Vindicated; Stowe, 
A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, etc. 

(11) Slavery Problems: National, Inter-State, Inter- 
national 

(a) Right of Petition, 1836-1844. 

(1) Constitutional provisions: first amendment; 

police power of States. 

(2) In the Senate: basis — good will essential to 

national life; petitions a slander on South — 
result in ill-feeling; abolition, weapons — 
public press, public school — spirit grow- 
ing; remedy — cessation of agitation; pew 
doctrine, 1837 — "slavery a good, a positive 
good," his six resolutions — union a com- 
pact, general government agent of States — 
protection by it against intermeddling. 

(3) In the House: "gag" resolutions — no recep- 

tion of petitions; Adams' protest; long 
struggle ; censure of Adams, 1837, 1842 — his 
triumph; final repeal of "gag," 1844. 

(4) Influence: connection of right of petition and 

slavery; generation of Anti-Slavery senti- 
ment; free speech; widening breach be- 
tween North and South. 



DEMOCRACY IN THE SADDLE, 1828-1843 87 



(b) "Incendiary publications/' 1836-37. 

(1) Issues: right of abolitionists to send docu- 

ments through mail — duty of U. S. to 
carry; right of State to prohibit. 

(2) Plans: Jackson, national law; Calhoun State 

police power. 

(c) Interstate relations. 

(1) Extradition: New York case — Gov. Seward 

vs. Gov. Wise (Va.); Isaac Gansey case; 
Van Zandt case, etc. 

(2) Commerce : S. C. law against negro sailors. 

(d) International Cases. 

(1) Fugitives: extradition — refusal by England — 

Mexico. 

(2) Quintuple Treaty, 1841 ; Cass's protest — right 

of search. 

(3) Slave trade: American vessels in West India 

ports; the Comet, Enterprise, the Creole, 
L'Amistad ; international law problems at 
state. 

(e) Personnel : Atherton. 

Questions: (1) What question arose over slavery petitions in 
Congress? (2) Wha.t theory held by Calhoun in regard to the 
reception of petitions? (3) What by J. Q. Adams? (4) What 
new position in regard to slavery developed by Calhoun as a 
result of this debate? (5) How did this doctrine change the 
whole aspect of the slavery question? (6) What were "incen- 
diary documents?" (7) What two theories in regard to control 
of "incendiary publications?" (8) What question at issue over 
extradition between Gov. Seward and Gov. 'Wise? (9) Why did 
Cass object to the "Quintuple Treaty?" (10) What international 
law question arose over slave trade vessels driven by storm, etc., 
into the British West Indies? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XV, 256-296, 309- 
324; Schouler, IV, 216-224, 296-314, 340-344; McMaster, VI, 278- 
299, 383-387, 467-493, 5io-5i3, 542, 561, 605, 625; Von Hoist, II, 
120-147, 219-330; Burgess, Middle Period, 251-277; Rhodes, I, 67- 
76; Young, Am. Statesman, 640-654, 723-727, 756-770; Johnston, 
Am. Pol. Hist., II, 47-65; Cambridge Mod. Hist., VII, 40if ; Lan- 
don, Const. Hist., I90f; Scribners, IV, 316-349; Wilson, IV, In- 
dex; Wilson, Slave Power, I, 112, 134, 307-354, 389-403, 422-438; 
Foster, Diplomacy, 287f ; Moore, Am. Cong., 336-340; Von Hoist, 
Calhoun, 123-183; Pinckney, Calhoun, 155-213; Hunt, Calhoun, 
227-238; Meigs, Benton, 333f; Roosevelt, Benton, 146-163; Curtis, 
Buchanan, I, 315-375; Schurz, Clay, II, 153-172; Curtis, Webster, 
I, 527f, 56of ; Julian, Giddings, 51-76, 80-130; Morse, J. Q. Adams, 
244-308 ; Johnson, Garrison, Table of 1 Contents ; Garrison's Garri- 
son, Table of Contents ; Tremaine, Slavery in D. of C. ; Tyler's 
Tyler, I, 566-582; DuBois, Slave Trade, 151-162, Index; Spears, 



88 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



Am. Slave Trade, 184-194; Lalor, Ency. ; Smith, Pol. Hist, of 
Slavery, Index; Stephens, II, 621"; Seward's Seward, Table of 
Contents; Birney's Birney, Table of Contents; Clusky, Pol. Text 
Book. 

Source: Caldwell, Survey, 1 52-171 ; Hart, Contemp., Ill, 619- 
637; MacDonald, Select Documents, 333-335; Niks' Register for 
1834-1840 ; Benton, View, I, Table of Contents ; Ames, State Doc- 
uments, 220-229; Sargent, Public Men and Events, II, 51-56; Ben- 
ton, Debates for Years, i834ff; Debates of Congress; Congres- 
sional Globe, I ; Works of Statesmen, Webster, Calhoun, Seward, 
Adams (Memoirs), Clay, Buchanan, etc.; [for other sources, see 
preceding outline]. 

(12) Politics; Reorganisation of Parties Under Spur of De- 
mocracy. 

(a) Organisation. 

(1) Downfall Congressional caucus: reasons. 

(2) Conventions : precedent — States, N. Y., Pa. ; 

Anti-Masons, 1830, National Republicans, 
Democratic Republicans, 1832 ; popular con- 
trol. 

(3) Platforms: beginning 1832; officials agents of 

people — principles. 

(4) Rules: Democratic — 2/3 majority to nominate. 

(b) Party Names. 

(1) 1828-1832: National Republicans, Democrats, 

Anti-Masons. 

(2) 1 834- 1 843 : Democrats, Whigs. 

(c) Composition. 

(1) Classes and interests: Whigs, Democrats. 

(2) Sections : strength each party. 

(3) Changes: 1830-1840; masses, leaders. 

(d) Campaigns. 

(1) 1832: Clay vs. Jackson; issues, results. 

(2) 1836: Democrats — Van Buren; convention 

platform, vote — electoral, popular; Whig — 
"local favorites;" composition— Nat. Rep. 
Anti-Masons, Anti- Jackson Dem., pro-bank 
Dem., nullifiers — composite; candidates, 
vote and section strength each. 
(3) 1840: Democrats ; Van Buren, platform, charac- 
ter, campaign, result; Whigs — convention, 
candidates — Clay, Scott, Harrison; defeat 
Clay — methods; Harrison and Tyler — past 
principles ; character campaign — excite- 
ment ; mass meetings, songs, etc. ; effect of 
crisis ; composition of party ; result — signif- 
icance ; Liberty party — candidates, vote, 
meaning. 

(e) Personnel: Gen. Scott, H. A. Wise, Badger, 

Granger. 



DEMOCRACY IN THE SADDLE, 1828-1843 |89 



Questions: (i) Previous to 1828 what method had generally 
been followed in nominating presidential candidates? (2) Why- 
fall? (3) What new method took its place? (4) How do you 
explain the coming in of the convention system? (5) How the 
development of the political platform? (6) Why the reorganiza- 
tion of parties in 1834? (7) What name did Clay accept and 
what attempt to fasten on Jackson's followers? (8) Describe the 
composition of the Whig party. (9) How explain its victory in 
1840? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XV, 183-200, 292- 
306; XVII, 43-5i; Schouler, IV, 71-85, 197-199, 274, 294-297, 327- 
341, 359-373; McMaster, VI, 114-119, 127-131, 144-148, 224-228, 
359-390, 550-594; Elson, 492, 501-505; Young, Am. Statesman, 676- 
678, 73S-737; Stanwood, Hist. Presidency, 125-142, 151-206; Mc- 
Clure, Our Presidents, 281-289; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist, II, 178- 
280; Sparks, U. S., nof; W. Wilson, IV, Index; Von Hoist, II, 
76f, 330-406; Woodburn, Pol. Parties, 38-49; Smith, Liberty and 
Free Soil, 27-69; Beard, Readings, 94-96, 1 14-123; Hopkins, Pol. 
Parties, 5of ; McKee, Nat. Conventions and Platforms, 34-47, Ap- 
pendix; Macy, Pol. Parties, 1-74; Alexander, Hist. Pol. Parties in 
N. Y., I, 382-405; II, 1-15, 31-47; Shepard, Van Buren, 254-281; 
Bancroft, Van Buren, 176, 192; Orth, Five Am. Politicians, 148- 
164; Tyler's Tyler, I, 593-602; Sumner, Jackson, 374-379; Parton, 
Jackson, III, 594f; Julian, Giddings, 85-90; Curtis, Webster, II, 
Table of Contents ; Lodge, Webster, 200-235 ; Schurz, 234-243, 308- 
310; Clusky, Pol. Text Book. 

Sources: Sargent, Public Men and Events, II, 89-96, 105-114; 
Wise, Seven Decades, 153-183; Niles Register for 1836-1840; Ben- 
ton, View, I, Table of Contents; Works of Calhoun, Clay, Web- 
ster, Adams, etc.; Statesman's Manual, II, 1 137-1305. 

Special: Am. Hist. Ass. Reports (1902), I, 365-374- 

(13-14) The Whigs in Power, 1841-1843: Final Struggle 
over Old Problems. 

(a) Organization of the Administration. 

(1) Cabinet: State (Webster), Treasury (Ewing), 

War (Bell), Navy, (Badger), Atty. Gen. 
(Crittenden), P. M. G. (Granger) ; ability, 
friendships, ideas and principles. 

(2) Civil service: professions party; Harrison's 

instructions; pressure and practice; result. 

(3) Relation of Harrison and Clay: breech-rea- 

sons ; Tyler — accession ; relations to Clay — 
earlier, present. 

(b) Outlook. 

(1) Clay's program: his reading of election — com- 

pare with position in 1832; his measures — 
acceptability to Tyler wing; result. 

(2) Congress in special session: composition 

party strength ; leaders ; Clay or Tyler Con- 
gress. 



90 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(c) The Independent Treasury. 

(1) Organization: location sub-treasuries; work- 

ing force. 

(2) Repeal: Whig arguments — Clay, Webster, 

Ewing ; union purse and sword — despotism ; 
reply of Democrats. 

(3) The surplus, 1841-1846: management. 

(d) Distribution and Bankruptcy Bills. 

(1) Passage: union of friends of two measures. 

(2) Distribution: general distribution; income 

from public lands; reasons — State debts, 
amount, origin, assumption, repudiation; 
Tyler's attitude. 

(3) Bankruptcy: character of bill, object, history, 

. repeal. 

(e) The National Bank, 1841. 

(1) Recharter: in the Campaign of 1840; in Whig 

victory; Tylers former position on bank. 

(2) Bills : first bill — preparation of cabinet, treat- 

ment by Clay in Congress ; passage ; veto 
by Tyler ; reasons — expediency, constitution- 
ality; second bill — preparation; question of 
modification in Congress; veto; anger 
Whigs; resignation of Cabinet — question of 
veracity; breach in party. 

(3) Failure: destruction entire Whig program; 

wisdom, result. 

(f) The Tariff, 1842. 

(1) Tariff of 1833: gradual reduction; insufficient 

revenue; question of its modification — an 
ordinary law, a sectional compact. 

(2) Bills : temporary revenue act, distribution 

clause, veto-justification; general revenue 
act; protective; distribution clause, veto; 
anger Whigs — threats; final bill; terms, 
protective, warehouse provision; prosperity 
under. 

(g) Conclusion. 

(1) Result split: Democratic Control Congress, 

. l8 43; 

(2) Financial measures : disappearance as domi- 

nant questions, till after Civil War. 
Questions: (1) What States were represented in Harrison's 
cabinet? (2) Describe the relationship in 1840-41 between Har- 
rison and Clay. (3) How did Clay interpret the results of the 
election of 1840? (4) What industrial questions in the Whig 
program? (5) What danger to the party with Tyler's accession 
to presidency? (6) What reason did the Whigs give for op- 
posing the Sub-Treasury? (7) What would they put in its place? 
(8) How were their plans thwarted? (9) Was it well that the 



DEMOCRACY IN THE SADDLE, 1828-1843 91 



Whigs failed — why answer? (10) How were distribution and 
bankruptcy related? (n) Would the assumption of State debts, 
1842, have been a wise measure? (12) Over what question re- 
lating to the tariff did Tyler and the Whigs quarrel? (13) 
Causes of the changes in Tyler's cabinet. (14) Should Webster 
have resigned sooner than he did? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XVII, 51-67; 
Schouler, IV, 359-421; McMaster, VI, 593-637; VII, 1-49, 50-73; 
Von Hoist, II, 406-548; Elson, 513-518; Burgess, Middle Period, 
286-290; Stanwood, Presidency, 206-210; McClure, Our Presi- 
dents, 75-77; Wilson, Am. People, IV, Index; Young, Am. States- 
man, 740-756; 770-786; Kinley, Indep. Treasury, 29-39; Bolles, 
Fnancial History, 434-449; Taussig, Hist. Tariff, 109-146; 
Dewey, Financial History, 235-246; Thompson, Hist. Protective 
Tariff, 34of; Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, II. 16-38; Tyler's 
Tyler, II, 1-90; Schurz, Clay, 199-229, Rogers, Clay, 322f; Col- 
ton-Reed-McKinley's Clay, II, 355f ; Curtis, Buchanan, I, 458-515; 
Wise, Recollections, 8-22; Lodge, Webster, 233-246; Curtis, Web- 
ster, II, Table of Contents, Roosevelt, Benton, 210-230; Clusky, 
Pol. Text Book. 

Sources: Richardson, Messages, IV, 2f, 34f; Benton, View, II, 
Table of Contents; Benton, Debates, XIV; Cong. Globe, (1841- 
1843) ; Statesman's Manual, II, 1279-1501 ; Niles Register, Vols. 
59-68; Calhoun's Works, IV, etc.; Works of Clay, Webster, 
Adams, etc.; Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. X; Sargent, Public Men 
and Events, II, 136-140. 

Special: Am. Hist. Ass. Reports (1894), 361-370; (1896) 137- 
174. 



PART II 



SLAVERY AND THE SECTIONAL 
STRUGGLE, 1843-1861 



CHAPTER VI. 



STRUGGLE FOR CONTROL OF TERRITORY, 1843- 1850. 
General References for the Period, 1843-1850. 

Secondary: Am. Nation, XVII, 85-332; Schouler, IV, 430-550; 
V, 1-212; McMaster, VII, 286-614; VIII, Table Contents; Rhodes, 
I, 75-184; Von Hoist, II, 500-714; III, 1-562; Wilson, Am. People, 
IV, Sparks, Hist. U. S., II, 118-172; Andrews, III, 179-215; Bur- 
gess, Middle Period, 289-364; Young, Am. Statesman, 705-937; 
Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist., II, 66-126; Stanwood, Hist, of Presi- 
dency, 203-243; McClure, Our Presidents, 75-114; Smith, Pol. Hist. 
Slavery, I, 53-129; Merriam, Negro and the Nation; Greeley, Am. 
Conflict, I, 147-209; Wilson, Slave Power, I, 587-651, II, 1-330; 
Williams, Negro Race, II, 31-96; Dixon, Missouri Comp. Repealed, 
1 54-385; Bruce, Expansion, 78-165; Johnston, Expansion, 160-198; 
Sparks, Expansion, 301-350; Austin, 165-178; Macy, Pol. Parties, 
93-130; Smith, Liberty and Free Soil Parties, 69-225; Woodburn, 
Pol. Parties, 57-79; Tyler's Taney, II, 244-490; Birney's Birney, 
332f; Garrison's Garrison. Ill, 1-312; Frothingham, G. Smith, 160- 
252 ; Schurz, Clay, II, 229-373 ; Rogers, Clay, 333-365 ; Lodge, Web- 
ster, 257-323; Curtis, Webster, II, 206-465; Meigs, Benton, 339- 
401; Roosevelt, Benton, 257-301; Johnson, Douglas, 68-190; Gard- 
ner, Douglas, 19-47; Von Hoist, Calhoun, 221-351; Hunt, Calhoun, 
258-321; Pinckney, Calhoun, 112-243; Shepherd, Van Buren, 398- 
448; McLaughlin, Cass, 191-292; Young, Cass, 209-409; Hart, 
Chase, 54-129; Schuckers, Chase, 81-127; Warden, Chase, 309-335; 
Curtis, Buchanan, I, 515-625; II, 1-17; Adams, C. F. Adams, 42- 
102; Dodd, Davis, 70-129; Mrs. Davis, Davis, I, 181-465; Baree, 
Fillmore, 289-326. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 398-416; Caldwell, Terr. De- 
velopment, 129-200; Caldwell, Some Am. Legislators; Hart, Con- 
temporaries, III, 637-655; IV, 11-58; Johnston, Am. Orations, II; 
Peabody, Am. Patriotism, 449-489 ; MacDonald, Doc. Source Book, 
368-394; MacDonald, Sel. Documents, 343-390; McKee, Convs. 
and Platforms, 47-73; Richardson, Messages, IV: Williams and 
Lossing, Statesman's Manual, II and III ; Congr. Globe, I to XIX ; 
Benton's Abridgment of Debates, XIV to XVI ; Writings of Ty- 
ler, Clay, Webster, J. Q. Adams, Calhoun, Benton, # Buchanan, 
Chase, Fillmore, Sargent, Wise, Garrison; Niles Register. 



95 



96 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



II. SLAVERY AND THE SECTIONAL STRUGGLE, 1843- 

1861. 

A. Struggle for Control of Territory, 1843-1850. 
(1) Leaders. 

(a) John Tyler, 1790-1862. 

(1) Early years: family, environment, education, 

lawyer; character. 

(2) A Virginia statesman: legislator, orator, 

leader; Democrat — breach in party. 

(3) In national politics: member House, Senate; 

Vice-President, President; qualities as of- 
ficial. 

(4) Principles: moral; political — interpretation of 

constitution, nullification, bank, tariff, in- 
ternal improvements, distribution. 

(b) James Knox Polk, 1705-184.0. 

(1) Early life: birthplace, environment, education. 

(2) Politician: in Tenn. — member of legislature, 

governor; in Nation — member House — 
Speaker; President. 

(3) Characteristics and principles: physical, intel- 

lectual, moral; firmness, persistence; politi- 
- cal — party, constitutional ; measures. 

(c) Lewis Cass, 1782- 1866. 

(1) Early years: boyhood in N. H. ; surroundings, 

education; removal to Ohio; lawyer, gen- 
eral in war of 1812 ; governor of Michigan, 
1813-1831. 

(2) National career : secretary of war, minister to 

France, senator, secretary of state; quali- 
ties, party allegiance, party methods and 
principles ; candidate for president, defeat. 

(3) Qualities: personal, intellectual, moral; his 

interests, writings on the Indians, scholar- 
ship; public speaker, leader and organizer. 

Questions: How do the men chosen as representative of this 
period compare in ability with those of the two preceding periods? 
(2) Why have these men been chosen — were they the greatest of 
their time? (3) Compare the three men in physical appearance. 
(4) Were they men of idealism or practical politics? (5) Which 
one of the three produced results of the most far reaching char- 
acter? (6) How did they compare in education? (7) What 
were the most marked qualities of each? (8) What can be said 
of their personal and moral worth? 

References: (a) "John Tyler:" Secondary — L. S. Tyler's Let- 
ters and Times of the Tylers (see index to Vol. II, under "John 
Tyler"); Fiske, Hist. Essays, I, 327-361; Schouler, IV, 3^7S7 2 ^ 
491-494; Tameson, Diet. Am. Hist., II, 312-313. 



CONTROL OF TERRITORY, 1843-1850 97 



Sources: Tyler's Letters, in L. G. Tyler's Letters and Times of 
the Tylers, II; Wise, Thirteen Presidents, 3-32; Wise, Seven 
Decades, 20-34, 237-240, 283-304, 313-320; Richardson, Messages, 
IV, 35-367, or Statesman's Manual, II ; Xiles Register, Vols. 58 to 
68, index under "Tyler" or "Presidency." 

(b) "James K. Polk:" Secondary — Schouler, Hist, Briefs, 121- 
159; Schouler, IV, 496-498 ; Am. Nat. XVII, 131; McMaster, VII, 
356-357; Jameson, Diet. Am. Hist., II, 107-108; Elson, 523. 

Sources: Richardson, Messages, IV, or Statesman's Manual, II. 

(c) "Cass." Secondary: Lives, McLaughlin, Young; Jameson, 
Diet. Am. Hist., I, 127; Am. Xat. Series, Vol. 27, index; Rhodes, 
McMaster, Schouler and Von Hoist, index; Stanwood, Hist, of 
Presidency, 226-243; McClure, Our Presidents, 94-113; Cooley, 
Michigan, index; Campbell, Pol. Hist. Mich., index; Poole, Index 
for Mag. Articles. 

(2) Annexation of Texas, 1843-1845. 

(a) Tyler's dominant issue, 1843-1845. 

(1) Reorganization cabinet: Webster's resignation; 

Upsher, Calhoun, Secretaries of State; 
Democratic. 

(2) Letters: Adams' letter of warning; Jackson's, 

for annexation — use. 

(b) Treaty, 18J.4. 

(1) Negotiations: Upsher, protection of Texas 

during pendency of Treaty; deaths Upsher, 
Gilmer, Calhoun ; correspondence with 
Packenham ; cry annex to save from Eng- 
land; slavery at stake; the Union in danger. 

(2) Treaty: terms — territory, debt, lands, etc.; re- 

jection by Senate; reasons — politics, war 
[Mexico, fear; vote — geographical distribu- 
tion, part}-. 

(c) Annexation by "Joint Resolution;" 1845. 

(1) Significance: of the term, of the method. 

(2) Development: presidential suggestion; resolu- 

tion in Congress ; terms — Statehood, lands, 
debt, number of States ; gov't, property ; 
opposition by Benton, Dix, etc. ; reasons — 
expediency, constitutionality; the Walker 
amendment : bitter debate ; vote-sections, 
party; constitutional issues — right to annex 
a "State;" method of annexation. 

(3) Reasons for Annexation: "manifest destiny," 

restore "balance of power;" Gulf Mexico; 
slavery. 

(d) A State, Dec. 1845. 

(1) Action Tyler; rejection treaty method; ac- 
ceptance joint resolution: question of viola- 
tion of promise to Benton. Dix, etc. 



98 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(2) Action Texas : acceptance by legislature, con- 
vention and people of terms of joint resolu- 
tion. 

(e) Personnel: Upsher, Gilmer, R. M. Johnson. 
Questions: (1) What change in American history began with 
Tyler's Texas annexation scheme? (2) What seems to have been 
his motives? (3) Where was the centre of opposition — Why? 

(4) How did the people of the West stand on Annexation — Why? 

(5) Reasons for the defeat of the treaty of annexation, 1844. 

(6) In what manner was annexation accomplished? (7) What 
question of veracity between Tyler and Benton, Dix, etc.? 
(8) What were the principal terms in the resolution of annexa- 
tion? (9) What the essential differences between the treaty of 
1844, and the resolution of 1845? (10) What steps taken by Texas 
before admission? 

General References ; Secondary: Am. Nat. XVII, 85-122, 141- 
156; Schouler, IV, 430-470, 480-494, 518; McMaster, VII, 303- 
331, 391-406, 429-432; Von Hoist, II, 500-657, 677, 701-714, HI, 
61-78; Burgess, Middle Period, 289-310, 316-323; Garrison, Texas, 
255-268; Wilson, Slave Power, I, 587-651; Young, Am. States- 
man, 786-799, 816-830; Greeley, Am. Conflict, I, 147-177; Rhodes, 
I, 75-85; Sparks, U. S., II, 118-125; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist, II, 
^-73', Smith, Pol. Hist. Slavery, I, 73-80; Wilson, Am. People, 
IV; William's Houston, 249-295; Tyler's Tyler, II, 250-302, 325, 
359-370; Meigs' Benton, 339-359; Garrison's Garrison, III, 134- 
149; Von Hoist's Calhoun, 220-259; Hunt's Calhoun, 258-270; 
Pinckney's Calhoun, 1 12-125; Curtis's Webster, II, 206-255; 
Johnson's Douglas, 68-90; Hamlin's Hamlin, 99-112; Sanborn's 
S. G. Howe, 191-210; StovalPs Toombs, 43-55- 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 399-405; Caldwell, Terr. De- 
velopment, 131-151; Hart, Contemporaries, III, 649-655; Mac- 
Donald, Doc. Source Book, 369-370; MacDonald, Select Docu- 
ments, 344-346; Benton, View, II, 581-590, 599-600, 619-624, 631- 
639; Jameson, Corresp. of Calhoun (Am. Hist Ass'n. Rept. for 
1899, vol. II), 578-673, 938-1064; J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, XI, 344- 
370, XII, 13-14, 138-174, 201-202, 222-223; Mclntyre, Nat'l ed. 
Webster's Works, IX, 55-60, XVI, 429-438; Webster, Works of 
Webster, V, 55-59 ; Moore, Works of Buchanan, VI, 85-345 ; Sum- 
ner's Works (ed. 1875), I, 1 51-159; Sargent, Men and Events, II, 
200-264 ; Cleveland's Stephens, 280-301 ; Giddings, Rebellion, 222- 
237; Giddings, Speeches, 97-147; Richardson, Messages, IV, 307- 
416; Benton, Debates, XV, 142-146, 149-150, 154, 174-233, 267- 
269, 288-300; Congr. Globe, appendixes to vols. XIII, XIV and 
XV; Niles Register, vols. 65, 67, 68, 69; Democratic Review, vols. 
14, 16 and 17; Am. Whig Review, vols. 1 and 2. 

Special: Am. Hist. Ass. Reports (1884) 72-96. 

(3) Politics; the Election of 1844. 
(a) Dominant Issues. 

(1) Territorial: reannexation of Texas, reoccupa- 
tion of Oregon. 



CONTROL OF TERRITORY, 1843-1850 99 



(2) Economic : tariff, independent treasury. 

(b) Parties. 

(1) Liberty: candidates, Birney and Morris; prin- 

ciples. 

(2) Whig: candidates, Clay and Frelinghuysen ; 

convention unanimous ; platform — princi- 
ples, omissions. 

(3) Democratic: Tyler wing, convention — mem- 

bership; nomination Tyler, platform — an- 
nexation Texas ; withdrawal ; regular con- 
vention, candidates, Cass, Calhoun, Buch- 
anan, Van Buren — defeat last — means, sig- 
nificance — 'Texas question ; nominees — 
Polk and Dallas; "dark horses;" platform 
— principles. 

(4) Campaign: intense — comparison with 1840; 
% Democratic double dealing on tariff — 

Polk's Kane letter: Clay's letters of ex- 
planation on Texas — effects; attitude of 
Webster. 

(c) Result. 

(1) Vote: electorial — Polk and Dallas, 170; Clay 

and Frelinghuysen, 105 ; popular — Polk, 
i;337>ooo ; Clay, 1,299,000; Birney, 62,300; 
significance of last vote — in N. Y., on final 
result, in nation's history. 

(2) Annexation of Texas : settlement of Oregon 

question. 

(d) Personnel: W. L. Marcy, J. G. Birney, J. R. 

Giddings. 

Questions: (1) How did the Texas question affect the nomina- 
tion for president in the Democratic party? (2) What was the 
trend of the letters written by Clay and Van Buren on the Texas 
question? (3) Why did Tyler withdraw as a candidate, 1844? 
(4) What issue seems to have controlled the campaign? (5) 
Did Clay make any mistake in the conduct of his campaign? (6) 
What questions were coupled in the Democratic platform? — sig- 
nificance. (7) What was Polk's Kane letter? (8) What party 
finally determined the outcome of the campaign? (9) How did 
this election compare with that of 1840 — in enthusiasm, in impor- 
tance ? 

General References, Secondary: Stanwood, Presidency, 206- 
225; McClure, Our Presidents, 75-93; Am. Nat, XVII, 123-140; 
Schouler, IV, 471-480; McMaster, VII, 332-390; Von Hoist, II, 
657-701 ; T. C. Smith, Liberty and Free Soil Parties, 69-84 ; Young, 
Am. Statesmen, 799-814; Schurz's Clay, II, 229-268; Colton's Clay, 
II, 423-456; III, 13-36; Tyler's Tyler, II, 303-359; Roosevelt's 
Benton, 257-280^ Shepard's Van Buren, 398-414; Parton's Jack- 
son, III, 6S3-667; McLaughlin's Cass, 197-224; Young's Cass, 218- 
225. 



100 OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



Source: McKee, Convs. and Platforms, 47-57; Hart, Contem- 
poraries, III, 646-649; Benton, View, II, 591-599, 600-619, 625- 
631; Julian's Recollections, 30-49; Baker, Seward's Works, III, 
239-274; Colton, Works of Clay, IV, 483-518; Mclntyre, Nat'l. ed. 
Webster's Works, III, 217-294, XVI, 417-428; XVIII, 187-204; 
Van Tyne, Letters of Webster, 289-301 ; Moore, Works of Buch- 
anan, VI, 1-74; Severance, Fillmore Papers, I, 403-406; Niles 
Register, vols. 66 and 67; Democratic Review, vols. 14 and 15. 

(4) Administration of President Polk, 1845-1849. 

(a) Fundamental purposes: Outline of, in his Diary. 

(1) Territorial: settle Texas boundary dispute, 

acquire California and end the Oregon con- 
troversy. 

(2) Economic: reestablish independent treasury, 

and secure passage of low tariff law. 

(b) Organization. 

(1) Hi 5 own power: great worker; skillful organi- 

zer. 

(2) Cabinet: State (Buchanan), Treasury 

(Walker), War (Marcy), Navy (Ban- 
croft), Atty. Gen. (Mason), P. M. Gen. 
(Johnson) : ability, dependence on presi- 
dent, measures, experience. 

(c) Measures. 

(1) Civil service: spoils system — Polk's hatred 
of it. 

(>2) Independent treasury: unsatisfactory condi- 
tions of existing method of handling reve- 
nue; restoration of sub-treasury: vote — 
party. 

(3) Tariff: Walker's famous report; Dec, 1845; 

his classification of imports, rates of duty; 
ad valorem vs. specific duties; contest and 
debate — Democrats vs. Whigs ; vote — sec- 
tions, party; dilemma of Vice-President 
Dallas. 

(d) Oregon. 

(1) Early history : claimants; elimination of Spain 

and Russia; joint occupancy — England and 
U. S. 1818; renewal, 1828 — terms. 

(2) Attempts at settlement: English claims — Co- 

lumbia river ; American, 54 40° ; offers of 
compromise on Columbia river, on 49 , etc. 
— rejection of all; proposal to end joint 
occupancy, 1845 ; Polk's claim — the "whole 
of Oregon," its meaning; English offer of 
49 — Senate's advice; acceptance; anger 
of West— charge South with "Punic faith." 



CONTROL OF TERRITORY, 1843-1850 101 



(3) Result: peace with Gt. Britian; settlement of 
a difficult question; limitation of future 
free territory. 

(e) Personnel: Geo. Bancroft, R. J. Walker, J. G. 
Mason. 

Questions: (1) What two presidents in our history recorded 
their plans in diaries? (2) What impression of Polk does one 
receive from his diary? (3) what measures did Polk determine 
to make the administrative question of his presidency? (4) Did 
he succeed? (5) What the effect on his party? (6) How did the 
tariff of 1846 differ from previous tariffs? (7) What change in 
handling the government revenues permanently inaugurated at 
this time? (8) What was the territorial history of Oregon? (9) 
What relation, if any, between the Texas and the Oregon ques- 
tions? (10) How was the Oregon controversy finally settled? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat., XVII, 157-187; 
Schouler, IV, 495-517; McMaster, VII, 406-429; Von Hoist, III, 
1-60, 116-197, 216-224; Burgess, Middle Period, 311-317, 324-326; 
Young, Am. Statesman, 831-832, 849-874; Johnston, Am. Pol. 
Hist., II, 73-80; Bruce, Expansion, 106-135; Johnson, Expansion, 
180-195; Sparks, Expansion, 301-309; H. H. Bancroft, Oregon, II; 
Dewey, Financial Hist., 249-255; Bolles, Financial Hist., 449-453; 
Kinley, Indep. Treasury, 35-50; Stanwood, Tariff, II, 69-83; Taus- 
sig, Tariff, 114; Thompson, Tariff, 366-408; Curtis's Buchanan, I, 
546-578 ; Von Hoist's Calhoun, 260-271 ; Hunt's Calhoun, 270-287 ; 
Pinckney's Calhoun, 127-139; Roosevelt's Benton, 230-237, 246- 
256; Meigs's Benton, 276-320; Hamlin's Hamlin, 121-138; Howe's 
Bancroft, I, 262-289. 

Special: (a) Schouler, Polk's Diary and Administration 
(Schouler, Hist. Briefs, 121-159). 

Sources: Caldwell and Persinger, 405-407; Caldwell, Terr. 
Development, 190-199; MacDonald, Doc. Source Book, 373-377; 
MacDonald, Select Documents, 356-365; Jameson, Corresp. of 
Calhoun (Am. Hist. Assn. Rept. for 1899, vol. II), 674-705, 1065- 
1096; Benton, View, II, 649-677; Cralle, Speeches of Calhoun, IV, 
258-289; Mclntyre, Nat'l. ed. Webster's Works, IX, 60-252; XIII, 
310-324; XIV, 295-314; Webster, Works of Webster, V, 60-252; 
Sargent, Men and Events, II, 264-291 ; Giddings, Rebellion, 246- 
250; Dix, Speeches, I, 1-59; Giddings, Speeches, 148-163; Niles 
Register, vols. 68, 69 and 70; Democratic Review, vols. 15 and 16; 
Am. Whig Review, vols. 2 and 3; Richardson, Messages, IV, 
373-469; Benton, Debates, XV, 249-250, 265-654; Congr. Globe, 
appendix to vol. XV. 

(5) The Mexican War, 1846-1848; Territorial Results. 
(a) Causes. 

(1) American "claims:" origin— unsettled condi- 
tion of Mexican government ; treaty 1840— 
arbitration, decision of commission; Mexi- 
can failure to pay judgment; character of 
"claims" — justice. 



102 OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(2) Annexation of Texas : Mexican territory ; un- 

friendly attitude on part of U. S. 

(3) Rejection of Am. Minister, Slidell: question of 

his wisdom; aggressive action of Polk; 
spirit of territorial acquisition. 

(4) Texas boundary: Claims — Mexico, Neuces. 

U. S., Rio Grande; Taylor at Rio Grande — 
attack 

(b) The Conflict, 1846-1847. 

(1) Taylor on the Rio Grande: battles — victories, 

territorial possession. 

(2) Fremont in California: "Bear Flag" Repub- 

lic; policy of Larkin; seizure of the State. 

(3) Kearny in New Mexico; Santa Fe proclama- 

tion — government; later repudiation; pos- 
session. 

(4) Scott's march on City of Mexico: capture 

Santa Cruz; march into interior— victories, 
quarrel, negotiations, recall. 

(c) Peace. 1848. 

(1) Negotiations: offers, rejection by Trist; re- 

call of Trist; renewed offer — acceptance by 
Trist. 

(2) Problems: acceptance of Trist treaty; pro- 

longation of war; acquisition of all of 
Mexico; acceptance treaty. 

(3) The Treaty: terms, payment to Mexico; ter- 

ritorial acquisition, boundary. 

(d) Results. 

(1) Successful war: Whig generals, Democratic 

administration — unpopular; defeat in elec- 
tion, 1848. 

(2) Expansion: Pacific Ocean boundary; new 

problems. 

(e) Personnel: Slidell, D. Wilmot. 

Questions: Was the Mexican war a necessary consequence of 
the annexation of Texas? (2) Did Slidell press recognition un- 
necessarily? (3) Had President Polk the right to order Taylor 
to advance to the Rio Grande? (4) Did Taylor keep within the 
bounds of strict neutrality? (5) What expeditions were made 
against Mexico? (6) Who won reputations during the war? 
(7) What quarrels marred the campaigns? (8) What was the 
politics of the leading generals? (9) What position was Trist 
in when he made the treaty of Peace? (10) What were the 
terms of the treaty? (11) Why did Polk decide to accept the 
treaty ? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat., XVII, 188-253; 
Schouler, IV, 521-550, V, 1-91 ; McMaster, VII, 429-480, 496-527; 
Von Hoist, III, 79-115. 198-215, 224-300, 328-347; Burgess, Middle 
Period, 327-339; Young, Am. Statesman, 833-848; Elson, U. S., 



CONTROL OF TERRITORY, 1843-1850 103 



525-535; Andrews, U. S., Ill, 182-201; Sparks, U. S., II, 126-148; 
Sparks, Expansion, 320-335; Bruce, Expansion, 136-165; H. H. 
Bancroft, California, II; Royce, California, 48-150; Wilson, Am. 
People, IV, 117-141; Ripley, War with Mexico, I and II; Mans- 
field, Mex. War; Thompson, War of 1812 and Mex. War, 509- 
656; Jay, Review Mex. War; Livermore, Mex. War Reviewed; 
Owen, Justice of Mex. War; Curtis's Buchanan, I, 579-618; How- 
ard's Taylor, 79-301; Wright's Scott, 154-288; Von Hoist's Cal- 
houn, 273-278; Pinckney's Calhoun, 140-150; Dodd's Davis, 77- 
103; Johnson's Douglas, 105-126; Sheahan's Douglas, 72-90; 
Young's Cass, 302-318, 328-333; Meigs's Benton, 358-368; Seward's 
Seward, II, 35-59; Colton's Clay, III, 58-87; Pierce's Sumner, III, 
98-157; Storey's Sumner, 43-56; Grimke's Sumner, 163-192; 
Dawes's Sumner, 44-54; Hamlin's Hamlin, 139-154; Nason's Wil- 
son, 65-87; Adams's C. F. Adams, 50-80; Dix's Dix, I, 204-222; 
Sanborn's S. S. Howe, 211-227; Crittenden's Crittenden, I, 241- 
296 ; Johnston and Browne's Stephens, 200-223 ; Stovall's Toombs, 
56-66; Claiborne's Quitman, I, 227-400. 

Special: (b) Bancroft, How California was Secured (Mag. Am. 
Hist., XVIII, 194-202; (c) Bourne, "All of Mexico" Movement 
(Am. Hist. Rev., V, 491-502, or Am. Hist. Assn. Rept. for 1899, 

I, 155-169). 

Source: Caldwell, Terr. Development, 155-175; Hart, Contem- 
poraries, IV, 11-34; MacDonald, Doc. Source Book, 371, 378-382; 
MacDonald, Select Documents, 346-353, 366-372; Benton, View, 

II, 639-649, 679-694, 709-711; Scott, Autobiography, I, 381-584; 
Cralle, Speeches of Calhoun, IV, 396-449; Jameson, Corresp. of 
Calhoun (Am. Hist. Assn. Rept. for 1899, vol. II), 689-757, 1096- 
1133; Carr's Douglas, 156-167; Moore, Works of Buchanan, VI, 
477-509, VII, VIII, 1-118; Mclntyre, Nat'l. ed. Webster's Works, 
IX, 151-160, 253-270, XIII, 330-365; Webster, Webster's Works, 
V, 151-160, 253-301; Sumner, Works of Sumner, I, 317-382; Mor- 
row, Speeches of Corwin, 264-314; Dix, Speeches, I, 198-246; 
Weed, Autobiography, 570-575 ; Sargent, Men and Events, II, 
291-309, 325-334; Giddings, Rebellion, 250-299; Giddings, Speeches, 
177-201, 250-288, 319-332; Mrs. Davis's Davis, I, 268-360; Cleve- 
land, Speeches of Stephens, 302-333; Richardson, Messages, IV; 
Benton, Debates, XV, 484-651, XVI, 4-40; Congr. Globe, appen- 
dixes to vols. 16, 17 and 18; Niles Register, vols. 70 to 74; Am. 
Whig Review, vols. 3 to 7; Democratic Review, vols. 18 to 22. 

(6) Territorial Problems: 1846-1849. 

(a) Acquisition. 

(1) Right: under what clause of constitution? 

policy. 

(2) Status : under the Constitution ; under m the 

control of Congress? laws — Mexican, 
American? 

(b) Control. 

(1) Theories: Congressional control — The "Wil- 
mot Proviso;" terms; failure 1846; renewal 



104 OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



1847, bitter debate, threats, defeat in Sen- 
ate; "Squatter Sovereignty" — Cass, Dick- 
inson, Douglas; meaning; acceptance by 
Democrats under name "Non-interven- 
tion" — varying interpretations ; "Property 
Rights" — Calhoun, Davis, Toombs; mean- 
ing, strength. 
(2) Attempts at Compromise, 1848-1849: Exten- 
sion line 36 30' to Pacific — Davis and 
South, rejection; Douglas — second rejec- 
tion; leave question to Supreme Court — 
Clayton and committee, significance, fail- 
ure ; Presidential government — "extension 
of all applicable laws," cowardly shifting of 
responsibility; organize all territory into 
States at once. 

(c) Governments, 1846-1849. 

(1) Oregon: 1846-1847: formation of unauthor- 

ized free government, 1842; Congressional 
plans — North, free territory ; South, free be- 
cause north of line 36 30' rejection; final 
action, 1848; application of ordinance of 
1787. 

(2) California and New Mexico: various pro- 

posals — no action; people no legal govern- 
ments; organization under "mining camp" 
law. 

(d) Results. 

(1) More vital study of Constitution: new theories. 

(2) Sectionalism : rapid development, bitter feel- 

ing, threats of secession in air. 

(e) Personnel: J. M. Clayton, T. Weed, J. A. Dix, 

Preston King. 

Questions: (1) What desires in regard to acquisition of terri- 
tory were expressed, 1847-1848? (2) How do you account for 
Calhoun's opposition to any annexation? (3) How had he stood 
in regard to annexation of Texas? (4) What new theories in 
regard to control of territory were worked out during the years 
1846-1850? (5) What proposals of compromise made by the 
South? (6) What by the border State men? (7) Did the 
Northern Anti-slavery men make any offers of compromise? 
(8) Should any compromise offer have been accepted? (9) What 
question arose in regard to the organization of Oregon? 
(10) Why was California left so long without any government? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. XVII, 254-268, 294- 
314; Schouler, IV, 543-545, V, 91-99, 1 14-128; McMaster, VII, 
480-496; 526-534; Von Hoist, III, 300-327, 348-357, 385-397, 400- 
401, 404-455; Burgess, Middle Period, 334S36, 340-352; Young, 
Am. Statesman, 884-891; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist, II, 82-95; 
Wilson, Slave Power, II, 15-49, 87-105, 114-128, 190-207; T. C. 



CONTROL OF TERRITORY, 1843-1850 105 



Smith, Liberty and Free Soil Parties, 105-120; Von Hoist's Cal- 
houn, 278-333; Hunt's Calhoun, 290-297; Roosevelt's Benton, 281- 
291 ; Meigs's Benton, 368-383 ; McLaughlin's Cass, 232-235 ; 
Young's Cass, 318-328; Dodd's Davis, 104-110; Johnson's Douglas, 
127-142; Hamlin's Hamlin, 155-190. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 407-412; Caldwell, Terr. De- 
velopment, 179-190; Hart, Contemporaries, IV, 35-43; Ames, 
State Documents, 241-252; Benton, View, II, 694-700, 711-715, 
729-736; Greeley, Am. Conflict I, 185-197; Foote, Rebellion, 67- 
98 ; Cralle, Speeches of Calhoun, IV, 3°3-395> 479-541 ; Jameson, 
Corresp. of Calhoun (Am. Hist. Assn. Rept. for 1899, vol. II), 
747-766, 1097-1198; Mclntyre, Nat'l. ed. Webster's Works, X, 34- 
44, XIV, 317-335; Webster, Works of Webster, V, 302-312; Dix, 
Speeches, I, 179-197, 309-382, 4i3~443 J Morrow, Speeches of Cor- 
win, 315-358; Cleveland, Speeches of Stephens, 320-351; Sargent, 
Men and Events, II, 309-324, 336-341 ; Giddings, Speeches, 202- 
220; Niles Register, vols. 70 to 76; Am. Whig Review, vols. 4 to 
9; Democratic Review, vols. 18 to 24; Congr. Globe, appendixes 
to vols. 16 to 19. 

Special: Am. Hist. Ass. Reports (1891), 131-160. 

(7) Election of 1848. 

(a) Dominant Questions. 

(1) Mexican war: its justice, its problems. 

(2) Control territories: theories, practice. 

(3) Slavery: active or passive attitude. 

(b) Parties. 

(1) Democrats: candidates before convention; 

Buchanan. Douglas, Marcy, Cass ; split in N. 
Y. — "Barnburners ;" reformers, for "Wilmot 
Proviso ;" "Hunkers" — regulars, against 
Proviso; action convention — refusal both 
to enter convention; platform — just war 
with Mexico, non-intervention, slavery, 
local matter ; nominees — Cass and Butler. 

(2) Free-Soilers — composition: nominees — Van 

Buren and C. F. Adams; platform — "free 
soil, free speech, free labor, free men." 

(3) Whigs: candidates, Z. Taylor — popular war 

hero; Scott, Clay; disappointment Gay — 
ill-treatment; nominees — Taylor and Fill- 
more; platform — none; principles — tradi- 
tional, constitution, "honest Zac. Taylor." 

(c) Campaign. 

(1) Uninteresting: Clay in his tent; Webster, 
luke-warm. 

(d) Result. 

(1) Vote: states— Taylor, 8 slave, 7 free: Cass, 7 
slave, 8 free; electoral, Taylor 163; Cass 
127; popular, Taylor 1,360,060: Cass, 1,220,- 
000; Van Buren, 291,000 



106 OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(2) Uncertainty: party of "opportunity" in power, 
(e) Personnel: Yancey, H. Wilson, M. Van Buren. 

Questions: (1) What questions were dominant in politics 
1846-1850? (2) How had the Democratic party divided in New 
York? (3) What attitude did the two leading, parties take in 
regard to the justness of the Mexican war? (4) Should Clay 
have been nominated in 1848? (5) Why was Taylor nominated 
by the Whigs? (6) Was the nomination of Van Buren as the 
Free-Soil candidate logical? (7) What gave the victory to the 
Whigs? (8) Is it common for a party carrying on a successful 
war to be defeated? 

General References, Secondary: Stanwood, Hist. Presidency, 
226-243; McClure, Our Presidents, 94-114; Am. Nat., XVII, 269- 
284; T. C. Smith, Liberty and Free Soil Parties, 138-159; Mc- 
Master, VII, 535-551; Von Hoist, III, 357-385, 397-400, 402-403; 
Schouler, V, 100-113; Young, Am. Statesman, 874-883; Wilson, 
Slave Power, II, 120-160 ; Woodburn, Pol. Parties, 65-81 ; Macy, 
Pol. Parties, 93-118; Alexander, Pol. Hist. N. Y., I, 126-144; 
McLaughlin's Cass, 235-261; Young's Cass, 356-369; Shepard's 
Van Buren, 416-434; Howard's Scott, 302-313; Dix's Dix, I, 222- 
262; Bancroft's Seward, I, 152-170; Lothrop's Seward. 48-55; 
Seward's Seward, II, 60-86 ; Schurz's Clay, II, 289-315 ; Colton's 
Clay, III, 88-99; Curtis's Webster, II, 332-347; Pierce's Sumner, 
III, 158-188; Grimke's Sumner, 192-203; Adams's C. F. Adams, 
81-99; Harding's G. R. Smith, 113-152; Crittenden's Crittenden, I, 
2 97~3 I 7; Johnston and Browne's Stephens, 224-242; Cleveland's 
Stephens, 88-93 ; Du Bose's Yancey, 194-229. 

Sources: McKee, Convs. and Platforms, 58-73; Mclntyre, Nat'l. 
ed. Webster's Works, IV, 123-174, XIII, 366-380; Sumner, Works 
of Sumner, II, 55-62, 74-88, 139-170; Benton, View, II, 722-724; 
W. H. Smith, Pol. Hist. Slavery, I, 82-104; Julian, Recollections, 
50-68; Baker, Seward's Works, III, 286-305; Weed, Autobi- 
ography, 570-588; White, Autobiography, 59-60; Hoar, Autobi- 
ography, 131-157; Sargent, Men and Events, II, 334-335; Niles 
Register, vols. 74 and 75; Am. Whig Review, vols. 7 and 8; 
Democratic Review, vols. 22 and 23. 

(8) Taylor's Administration, 1849-1850. 

(a) Dominant Ideas. 

(1) Territorial: settlement of status of Territories 

— organization and admission of California 
and New Mexico as States. 

(2) National : patriotic — save the Union. 

(b) Organization. 

(1) Cabinet: State (Clayton), Atty. Gen. (John- 
son), Interior (Ewing), P. M. Gen. (Col- 
lamer), Treasurer (Meredith), War 
(Crawford), Navy (Preston); ability, 
position on slavery, on status territories; 
sectionalism. 



CONTROL OF TERRITORY, 1843-1850 107 



(2) Congress: membership, Dem., 112, Whig, 105, 

Free Soil, 13; struggle over speakership; 
position of free soil members; election of 
Cobb (Ga.), on plurality vote. 

(3) Civil service : his own desires — "honesty, ca- 

pacitv, fidelity;'' dominance of politicians, 
Fillmore, Weed, etc., the "spoils system" — 
removals, political appointments. 

(c) Measures, Other than on Compromise. 

(1) California: discovery of gold; rapid settle- 

ment; character of population; necessity 
for government; administrative suggestion 
for constitutional convention ; action — con- 
stitution; request for admission as a State. 

(2) Clayton-Bulwer Treaty: conditions in Central 

America; English territorial claims; Isth- 
mian canal ; treaties with Central American 
States; negotiations with England, treaty; 
terms — territory, canal — joint neutraliza- 
tion; varying interpretations — renewal of 
controversy. 

(3) Galphin claim: Crawford's action — criticism; 

scandal. 

(d) Personnel: Collamer, Fillmore, S. J. Tilden. 
Questions: (1) What qualities of Taylor made him an ac- 
ceptable president? (2) Explain the position of the free-soilers in 
the election of speaker of the House, 1849? (3) Were the Whigs 
true to their professions in regard to the civil service? (4) What 
policy did Taylor's administration advocate in California? (5) 
Who was the "power behind the throne" in Taylor's administra- 
tion? (6) Did the Clayton-Bulwer treaty uphold the Monroe 
Doctrine? (7) What were the Isthmian troubles that led to the 
treaty? (8) How was Crawford involved in the Galphin claim? 

Generdl References, Secondary: Am. Nat., XVII, 285-293; 
Schouler, V, 129-156; McMaster, VII, 552-614; Von Hoist, III, 
456-468; Rhodes, I, 99-115, 199-205; Howard's Taylor, 314-347; 
Bancroft's Seward, I, 206-226; Seward's Seward, II, 99-117; Carr's 
Douglas, 28-29; Sheahan's Douglas, 99-123; Curtis's Buchanan, 
I, 619-625; Young, Am. Statesman, 892; Henderson, Am. Dip. 
Questions. 104-133; Foster, Century Diplomacy, 324-325; Ldtsne. 
Dipl. Relations, 176-198; Moore, Digest Internl. Law, III, 130- 
164; V, 206; Elson, Side Lights, I, 243-264. 

Sources: Weed, Autobiography, 589-593; Benton, View, II, 
737-742 ; Sargent, Men and Events, II, 342-355 ; Richardson, Mes- 
sages, V, 4-30; Williams and Lossing, Statesman's Manual, III, 
1831-1850; Democratic Review, XXIV, 3-13, 412-427, XXV, 475, 
XXVI, 484-498; Am. Whig Review, IX, 439-446, 641-642; XI, 
188-203, 235-268; MacDonald, Select Documents, 373S77', Cluskey, 
Pol. Text Book, 115-116; Snow, Am. Diplomacy, 86-90; Treaties 



108 OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



and Conventions, 440; Members of Western Bar, Life of Douglas, 
appendix, 31-70; Benton, Debates, XVI, 605-609. 

(9-10) The Compromise of 1850. 

(9) The Problem, Dec. 1850; Clay's Resolutions, Jan. 29, 
1850. 

(a) Conditions. 

(1) In the nation: excitement — long controversy, 

1846-1849; danger of secession; the Nash- 
ville convention, attendance, resolutions; 
Virginia resolutions — significance. 

(2) In regard to territory: California — asking ad- 

mission under a free constitution; constitu- 
tional question — no enabling act; New 
Mexico — no government, question of its 
control — what theory, congressional, popu- 
lar sovereignty, property rights; Texas 
boundary. 

(3) In regard to slavery: interstate slave trade — 

question of right to prohibit, attitude South, 
position abolitionists; District of Colum- 
bia — slavery in, proposal of Lincoln for 
compensated emancipation, petitions ; slave 
trade, bitter opposition, petitions, debate in 
Congress; fugitive slaves — existing law, 
Prigg vs. Pa., decision, demands South — 
Mason bill; "Liberty" laws of States — con- 
stitutionality, effects. 

(b) Points of View. 

(1) Older and conservative men: Clay, Webster, 

Cass, Douglas — Union first — its preserva- 
tion the all-important thing. 

(2) Younger and radical men : Chase, Seward, Da- 

vis, Toombs — settlement of slavery question 
the first need. 

(c) Compromise Proposals of Clay, Tan. 29, 18 so. 

(1) Spirit: middle ground: consultation with 

Webster — his acceptance of plan. 

(2) Treatment of each issue: California — a free 

State; New Mexico — leave slavery question 
to people and courts; Texas — money com- 
pensation for territorial concession; Dis- 
trict of Columbia — abolition of slave trade; 
an efficient fugitive slave law; no action on 
inter-slave trade and slavery in D. C. 

(d) Personnel: S. P. Chase, R. Toombs, J. P. Hale. 
Questions: (1) Summarize conditions in regard to territorial 

conditions, Dec, 1849. (2) What problems in connection with 
the fugitive slave law? (3) What boundary dispute endangering 
peace? (4) What plan proposed by Lincoln in regard to slavery 



CONTROL OF TERRITORY, 1843-1850 109 



in D. C. ? (5) How were these questions tending to divide 
American statesmen? (6) Who became the recognized leader in 
attempts to settle these questions — his qualities? (7) Who 
joined with him in his efforts? (8) Outline his proposed plan. 

(10) The Settlement, 1850. 

(a) Consideration of Clay's Resolutions of Jan. 29. 

(1) Speeches: Clay's Feb. 5 — plea for plan and 

compromise; Calhoun, Mar. 4 — necessity of 
sectional equilibrium, inequality due to leg- 
islative not natural causes, plea for justice, 
means ; Webster, Mar. 7 — plea for the 
Union and the Constitution; criticism by 
North, charges, unpopularity, defense; 
Seward, Mar. 11 — "higher law," against 
compromise; T. Davis, Mar. — opposition to 
compromise, justice for South; Chase, 
Douglas, etc. 

(2) Action : appointment of committee of thirteen, 

Clay, chairman. 

(b) Report of Committee. 

(1) The omnibus bill: union of California, New 

Mexico and Utah, and Texas boundary 
bills; object, result. 

(2) Slave trade bill : applicable to D. C. only. 

(3) Fugitive slaves: radical bill, — commissioners, 

penalties, etc. 

(c) Death of President Taylor: Accession of Fillmore 

July 9, 1850. 

(1) Change of attitude: Fillmore for compromise. 

(2) New cabinet: State (Webster), Treasury 

(Cor win), War (Conrad), Navy (Graham), 
Interior (Stuart), P. M. Gen. (Hall), Atty. 
Gen. (Crittenden) ; ability, point of view. 

(3) Debate on Clay's committee report: amend- 

ment, elimination, destruction. 

(d) Separate Bills, Aug. — Sept. 1850. 

( 1 ) Policy new administration : influence for com- 

promise measures. 

(2) Bills: California, New Mexico, Utah, boun- 

dary of Texas, slave trade in D. C., fugi- 
tive slave law ; vote on separate measures — 
different composition; passage; better feel- 
ing, end of danger. 

(e) Personnel: C. F. Adams, A. H. Stephens, Cobb. ^ 
Questions: (1) What were Clay's arguments in support of his 

plan? (2) Give the essential positions of Calhoun in his last 
speech. (3) Do you regard the speech as the speech of a seces- 
sionist? (4) What method did Clay adopt to secure the passage 
of his measures? (5) Was Webster's "seventh of March speech" 



110 OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



the work of a statesman or a politician? (6) How did President 
Taylor stand on the Clay compromise proposals? (7) In what 
way did Taylor's death change the outlook, and perhaps the fu- 
ture of American history? (8) Were Clay's measures in sub- 
stance passed or not? (9) Analyze the vote on each bill and com- 
pare results. 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat, XVII, 315-332; 
Schouler, V, 178-201; Von Hoist, III, 468-562; Rhodes, I, 1 16-198; 
Burgess, Middle Period, 353-364; Young, Am. Statesman, 893- 
937; Sparks, U. S., II, 149-172; Wilson, Slave Power, II, 208-303; 
Macy, Pol. Parties, 1 19-152; T. C. Smith, Liberty and Free Soil 
Parties, 176-225; Thorpe, Const. Hist. U. S., II, 422-455; Cluskey, 
Pol. Text Book, 117-121; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist, II, 120-125; 
Andrews, U. S., Ill, 198-209; Alexander, Pol. Hist. N. Y., II, 
145-158; Fiske, Essays, I, 363-410; Johns Hopkins Studies, XIII, 
367-415; Dixon, Repeal Mo. Compr., 225-385; McElroy, Ky. in 
Nat'l. Hist., 454-474; Colton's Clay, III, 1 12-194; Schurz's Clay, 
II, 3*6-373', Rogers's Clay, 333-365; Lodge's Webster, 289-323; 
Curtis's Webster, II, 381-465; Von Hoist's Calhoun, 333-351; 
Hunt's Calhoun, 298-321; Pinckney's Calhoun, 151-212; Dodd's 
Davis, 1 14-129; Howard's Taylor, 348-365; Barre's Fillmore, 312- 
327; Bancroft's Seward, I, 227-290; Lothrop's Seward, 61-99; 
Seward's Seward, II, 1 18-154; Johnson's Douglas, 166-190; 
Gardner's Douglas, 29-48; Carr's Douglas, 38-40; Sheahan's 
Douglas, 124-155; Member Western bar, Life of Douglas, 45-52; 
McLaughlin's Cass, 262-284; Young's Cass, 370-409; Roosevelt's 
Benton, 291-301; Meigs's Benton, 384-401; Hart's Chase, 119-130; 
Schucker's Chase, 105-126; Hamlin's Hamlin, 196-215; Julian's 
Giddings, 270-282; McCall's Stevens, 66-86; Johnston and 
Browne's Stephens, 240-260; DuBose's Yancey, 243-253; Stovall's 
Toombs, 67-82; Storey's Sumner, 65-85; Pierce's Sumner, III, 
189-203. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 413-415; Caldwell, Survey, 
160-163; Hart, Contemporaries, IV, 48-58; Old South Leaflets, 
IV, No. 80; Harding, Orations, 270-291; Peabody, Am. Patriot- 
ism, 483-490; Johnston, Am. Orations, II, 123; MacDonald, Doc. 
Source Book, 384-394; MacDonald, Select Documents, 370-390; 
Ames, State Documents, 253-269; W. H. Smith, Pol. Hist. Sla- 
very, I, 105-129; Benton, View, II, 742-787; Greeley, Am. Conflict, 
I, 198-210; Stephens, War Between States, II, 176-234; Mrs. Da- 
vis's Davis, I, 423-463; Sargent, Men and Events, II, 355-370 ; 
Lunt, Origin of Civil War, 178-208; Giddings, Rebellion, 300-339; 
Giddings, Speeches, 391-487; Foote's Rebellion, 1 13-168; Colton, 
Works of Clay, VI; Mallory, Works of Clay, II, 601-634; Mcln- 
tyre, Nat'l ed. Webster's Works, X, 56-172, XIV, 34^-352; Web- 
ster, Works of Webster, 324-438 ; Cralle, Works of Calhoun, IV, 
542-578; Baker, v/orks of Seward, I, 51-131 *, Greeley, Recollec- 
tions, 250-259 ; Richardson, Messages, V, 30-75 ; Williams and 
Lossing, Statesman's Manual, III, 1850-1900; Benton, Debates, 
XVI, 386-600; Congr. Globe, appendix to vol. XIX; Democratic 
Review, vols. 25 to 27 ; Am. Whig Review, vols. 10 to 12. 



CHAPTER VII. 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY IN THE NATION, 1850- 

1861. 

General References for the Period, 1850-1861. 

Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XVIII-XX; Schouler, V, 201-512; 
Burgess, Middle Period, 365-474; Elson, Hist. U. S., 548-641; 
Rhodes, I, 199-506, II, III, 1-320; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist., II, 
127-177; Cambridge, Modern Hist., VII, 405-442; Sparks, Hist. 
U. S., II, 173-254; W. Wilson, IV, index; Young, Am. Statesman, 
937-1125; Von Hoist, IV- VII; H. Wilson, Rise and Fall Slave 
Power, II, 304-704; Stanwood, Hist, of the Presidency, 244-297; 
McClure, Our Presidents, 1 15-182; Macy, Political Parties, 93- 
317; McKee, Political Platforms, 74-120; Fess, Political Theory, 
241-314; Smith, A Political Hist, of Slavery, I, 130-350; Wise, 
End of An Era, 52-174; Brown, The Lower South, 98-187; Ray, 
Repeal of Mo. Comp. ; Dixon, The Mo. Comp. and Repeal, 386- 
610; Bancroft, Seward, I, 312-523; Lothrop, Seward, 106-245; 
Storey, Sumner, 87-196; Pierce, Sumner, III, 204-621; Johnson, 
Douglas, 191-442; Gardner, Douglas, 48-239; Sheahan, Douglas, 
155-528; McLaughlin, Cass, 293-350; Hart, Chase, 103-229; 
Schuckers, Chase, 105-208; Morse, Lincoln, II, 30-179; Arnold, 
Lincoln, 124-171 ; Nicolay, Lincoln, 94-174; Nicolay and Hay, 
Lincoln, II; Garrison, Garrison, III, 313-509; Curtis, Buchanan, 
II, 34-507; Butler, Benjamin, 96-224; Tyler, Taney, 331-400; Tyler, 
Letters and Times of the Tylers, II, 501-653; Du Bose, Yancey, 
254-571 ; Blackman, Chas. Robinson, 87-333 \ Stovall, Toombs ; 
Sping, Kansas ; Thayer, The Kansas Crusade ; Snider, The Am. 
Ten Years War, 1855-1865. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 417-454; Am. Orations, III; 
MacDonald, Select Doc. 373-455 ; Doc. Source Book, 394-433 ; Hart, 
Contemporaries, IV, 59-210; Harding, Select Orations, 292-370; 
Richardson, Messages, V; Sumner, Works, III-V; Seward, 
Works, IV, 333-690 ; Lincoln, Works, I, 166-695 ; Fillmore, Papers, 
I, index; Buchanan, Works, VIII, 405-512, IX, X; Am. Hist. 
Leaflets, Nos. 12, 17, 23; Cong. Globe. 

B Struggle for Supremacy in the Nation, 1850- 1861. 
(1) Leadership. 

(a) William H. Seward, 180 1- 187 2. 

(1) Early life: birthplace — N. J., environment, 

education: law student, removal to N. Y. 

(2) Political career : legislative, governor, member 

Congress : party, principles, methods, 
friendships; Senator, 185 1 ; policy on sla- 
very; orator, debater. 
Ill 



112 OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(3) Characteristics: physical, intellectual, moral: 
as a politician; personal relations. 

(b) Jefferson Davis, 1808- 1889. 

(1) Early years: Kentucky experiences: educa- 

tion, West Point life; Mexican war; stu- 
dent of politics, economics, and jurispru- 
dence. 

(2) Entrance into politics : member House, candi- 

date for governor, Secretary of War, Sena- 
tor; methods, policies. 

(3) Characteristics: personal appearance: intel- 

lectual qualities — orator, debater; moral 
principles. 

(c) A. Lincoln, 1809-1865. 

(1) Preparation for life: early experiences in 
Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois ; his parentage ; 
education; storekeeper, surveyor, student 
of law. 

(2) Public life: Black Hawk war; member 111. 

legislature — characteristics ; lawyer — cir- 
cuit, standing; Congress, 1847-1849; Illinois 
lawyer, 1850-1856. 

(3) National career : speeches 1854-1858; candi- 

date for vice-presidency, for senator; 
debate with Douglas, 1858; attitude on 
slavery. 

(4) Characteristics : physical appearance ; intel- 

lectual and moral qualities; methods as 
pleader, orator, debater; presidency. 

(d) Stephen Arnold Douglas, 1813-1861. 

(ji) Early life: family, birthplace, environment, 
education, leadership, student law. 

(2) Westward: trip — experiences; Illinois — penni- 

less; schoolteacher; lawyer; rapid rise — 
member legislature, receiver land office, 
judge, House of Representatives, Senator. 

(3) Characteristics : physical — size, build, head, 

voice ; energy — (illustrations ; intellectual — 
debater, orator, keenness, readiness ; 
suavity ; moral — personal habits, honesty, 
integrity, etc. 

(4) Principles : political ; slavery, financial ; 

western interests — land, internal improve- 
ments ; theories — constitution, control of 
territories. 

Questions: (1) Of these four men which one was most bril- 
liant? (2) Which one the most classic speaker and debater? (3) 
How do they rank in educational equipment? (4) What seems 
to you to be the most marked quality of each? (5) Compare 
them in regard to refinement and ease of manners. (6) In personal 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 113 



appearance did they show their greatness? (7) what qualities 
have given Lincoln his commanding position? (8) Does Davis 
deserve the condemnation usually passed on him? (9) What 
was the leading quality of each that make him a great debater? 
(10) How -do they rank in opportunity; were they favorites of 
fortune ? 

References, General: "Seward;" Lives, Bancroft, Lothrop, Sew- 
ard; Seward, Works, I, 13-90; Lodge, Political Essay, 1-47; 
General Histories — Rhodes, Schouler, Von Hoist, index, Poole, 
Mag. Lit. 

Source: Seward, Works (5 vols.) ; Caldwell, American Legis- 
lators, 172-191. 

"Davis;" Lives, Alfriend, Pollard, Dyer, Mrs. V. H. Davis; 
Trent, Southern Statesmen of^ Old Regime, 257-293; General 
Histories, index; Poole, Mag. Lit. 

Source: Writings, Rise and Fall of Confederate Gov. (2 vols.) ; 
Short Hist, of Confederate States. 

"Lincoln;" Lives, Morse, Nicolay, Nicolay and Hay (10 
vols.), Arnold, Tarbell, Brooks, Carpenter, Chittenden, Curtis, 
Davis, Hapgood, McClure, Stoddard; Hill, Lincoln the Lawyer; 
Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln; Welles, Lincoln and 
Seward; Van Buren, Lincoln's Pen and Voice; Chittenden, Per- 
sonal Reminiscences, 340-427; Thatcher, Ideas That Have In- 
fluenced Civilization, IX, 179-196; Hernden and Weik, The True 
Story of a Great Life (2 vols.) ; Lamon, Life of Lincoln; Holland, 
Lincoln, Raymond, Life and Public Services ; Barnett, Lincoln 
and His Presidency: Sparks, Men Who Made the Nation, 378- 
410; Morgan, Lincoln : The Boy and the Man; Schurz, A Lincoln; 
Rothschild, Lincoln, the Master of Men; Poole, Index for Mag. 
Lit; General Histories. 

Source: Works, (2 vols.) 

"Douglas ;" Lives, Johnson, Gardner, Sheahan, A Member of 
the Bar, Brown, Carr; Watkins in Morton Hist, of Nebraska, I, 
131-159; Orth, Five Am. Politicians, 297-447; General Histories — 
Rhodes, Von Hoist, Schouler; Poole, Mag. Lit. 

Source: Caldwell, Am. Legislators, 148-167; Hart, Contempo- 
raries, IV, 97-100, 133-154; Lincoln and Douglas Debate. 

(2) "Finality Years,'' 1850-18 54; Election 1852. 
(a) Popular Acceptance of the Compromise. 

(1) Authorship: party claims for honor, final tri- 

umph of Democrats; gradual acceptance in 
South; struggle in Miss. — Foote vs. J. Da- 
vis, victory of "Union" party. 

(2) Reasons : natural reaction, love of the Union ; 

spirit of compromise; party policy — inter- 
est of politicians. 

(3) Signs of disaffection: resistance to enforce- 

ment of fugitive slave law — cases, "Shad- 
rach," "Jerry," "Sims," etc. 



114 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(b) Election of 1852. 

(1) Essential issue: faithfulness to compromise. 

(2) Whigs : candidates — Webster, Fillmore, Scott ; 

relation Webster and Fillmore; Scott and 
radicals — Seward, Weed, etc.; Webster — 
effect of seventh of March Speech; nomi- 
nees — Scott and Graham; platform — work 
of conservatives, "finality." 

(3) Democrats: candidates, Douglas, Buchanan, 

Cass, etc. ; effect of two-thirds rule ; Pierce, 
the "dark horse;" nominees — Pierce and 
King; platform — approval of "finality." 

(4) Free-soil: nominees Hale and Julian; princi- 

ciples — opposition to slavery. 

(5) Campaign: little interest; "tweedle dee," and 

"tweedle dum;" disintegration parties in 
part — Southern Whigs, Webster Men. 

(6) Result: vote; electoral, Pierce, 254; Scott, 42; 

popular: Whigs, 1,386,000; Dem., 1,601,000; 
Free Soil, 156,000. 

(c) Administration of President Pierce, 1853-1857. 

(1) Popularity: acceptable 1852-1853 to all sec- 

tions. 

(2) Organization: Cabinet: State (Marcy), War 

(J. Davis), Treasury (Guthrie), Atty. Gen. 
(Cushing), Navy (Dobbin). Congress: 
Dem., 159, Whigs, 75, Free Soilers; 
Civil Service, — "Spoils" system. 

(3) Measures : see later outlines. 

(d) Personnel: Marcy, Caleb Cushing, H. Hamlin, H. 

S. J^oote. 

Questions: (1) Which party had the better right to claim the 
compromise of 1850 as its work? — arguments. (2) What the 
meaning of "Union" party in the South, 1851? (3) What indica- 
tions that "finality" did not mean final? (4) What were the chief 
reasons that prevented Webster's nomination in 1852? (5) How 
did Douglas stand in the South in 1852? (6) How do the two 
parties differ in 1852? (7) Compare electoral and popular votes — 
significance. (8) Was Pierce's cabinet made up in harmony with 
the platform declarations? (9) Why was the Free-Soil vote so 
much less in 1852 than in 1848? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XVIII, 14-58; 
Schouler, V, 222-228, 239-250, 270-272; Burgess, 374-379; Rhodes, 
I, 207, 243-277, 384-399, 419-420; Von Hoist, V, 1-44, 101-231, 248- 
252, 257-274; Young, 937-940; Elson, Hist. U. S., 563-571; Stan- 
wood, Hist, of Presidency, 244-257; McKee, 74-86; McClure, Our 
Presidents, etc.. 1 15-129; Macy, Pol. Parties, 131-161 ; Smith, A 
Political Hist, of Slavery, 144-146, 156-166; Alexander, A Political 
Hist, of N. Y., II, 159-189: Wise, Thirteen Presidents, 35-49; Cur- 
tis, Buchanan, II, 34-67; Curtis, Webster, II, 566-705; Bancroft, 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 115 



Seward. I, 291-316; Stovall, R. Toombs. 83-106; Du Bose, Yancey, 
254-272; Pierce, Sumner, 312-323; Hamlin, Hamlin, 252-262; 
Johnson, Douglas, 191-206; Schuckers, Chase, 128-133; H. Wilson, 
II, 360-37;. 

Source: McKee, Political Platforms, 74-86; Buchanan, Works, 
VIII, 460-499; Van Tyne, Letters of Webster, 524-525, 529, 531- 
532, 537-539- 

(3) Native Americanism ; Know Nothings, 1852-1857. 

(a) Immigration, 1846- 18 54. 

(1) European Conditions: potato famine in Ire- 

land; revolts and revolution on continent; 
French Republic, 1848; Xapoleon III, 1852; 
German Constitutional demands, 1848-1849 
— defeat; Hungarian revolution — Kossuth, 
overthrow 1849; results — enormous emigra- 
tion. 

(2) Immigrants into U. S. ; numbers, character — 

revolutionists ; religion — largely Catholic ; 
effect. 

(b) Native American Organization. 

(1) Purposes: preserve American institutions — 

religious, political, moral nd educational. 

(2) Method: formation of secrei order; ritual, 

signs, passwords; rapid growth; entrance 
into politics, 1853. 

(c) The Know Nothings, 1853-1855. 

(1) Plans: citizenship— residence 21 years; for- 

eigners— -exclusion from office : Catholics — 
discrimination. 

(2) Growth : 1854 — control — state legislators, gov- 

ernors, cities, many members Congress; 

1855 — expectation of presidency, 1856. 

(3) Division : establishment third degree — slavery 

clause; growth in South; convention, Febr. 

1856 — secession Northern wing. 

(d) Downfall 

(1) Un-American: religious tests: secret charac- 

ter, narrow basis, avoidance primary issue 
of day — slavery. 

(2) New Problems : Kansas-Nebraska question. 

- (e) Personnel: S. P. Chase, D. S. Dickinson, Man- 
gum, R. M. T. Hunter. 
Questions: (1) How did the immigration about 1850 differ 
from earlier immigrations? (2) Reasons for such enormous 
numbers during these years. (3) What earlier movement in our 
history similar to the Know Nothing? (4) What were the chief 
aims of the Know Nothing societies? (5) How far to be ap- 
proved, how far condemned? (6) How explain the rapid growth? 
(7) Why so temporary in character? (8) Has there been any 



116 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



similar movement in recent years? (9) Are Americans cool 
headed or excitable? (10) Over what question did the American 
party finally break? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XVIII, 136-148; 
Schouler, V, 304-308, 351-352; Rhodes, II, 50-57, 87-92, 108-111; 
Von Hoist, V, 78-133, 186-208; H. Wilson, II, 419-434, 508-510; El- 
son, Hist. U. S., 579-58o; Alexander, Pol. Hist, of N. Y., 201-202; 
Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist. II, 258-265 ; Pierce, Sumner, III, 421- 
424; Stanwood, Hist, of Presidency, 261-264; Nason, Henry Wil- 
son, 129-148; McMaster, With the Fathers, 87-107; Curtis, Hist, of 
the Republican Party, I, 145-147; Hopkins, Pol. Parties, 91-94; Des- 
mond, The Know Nothing Party, 1-159; J. H. U. Studies, XVII, 
153-269; Am. Hist. Review, III, 672-682; Am. Hist. Ass. Reports, 
1896, 177-187; Hoar, Autobiography, I, 188-191. 

Source: McClure, Our Presidents, 140-143; McKee, National 
Conventions, 100-104; Seward, Works, III, 386-389; Tribune 
Almanac, 1855, 22-23, 1857, 43 ; Clay, Private Correspondence, 497- 
520; Curtis, The Rep. Party, I, 219-222; Cooper, Am. Pol., Book 
I, 57-71; Cluskey, Political Text-Book, 55-68, 283-310, 693-706. 

(4) Foreign Relations, 18 50- 1860. 

(a) With the Nations of Europe. 

(1) The Hungarian revolution: sending an Amer- 

ican commissioner into a revolutionary 
state — criticism by Austria ; Hiilsemann let- 
ter — reply of Webster, 185 1; Kossuth in U. 
S., 1852; reception by Young America; 
America "A World Power;" Koszta. 

(2) English relations : Central Am. affairs — inter- 

pretation of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty. 

(3) Diplomatic costumes : character, American at- 

titude. 

(b) Mexican Questions. 

(1) Boundary — interpretation of treaty of 1848. 

(2) Gadsden purchase: area, importance, terms 

treaty. 

(c) Canadian Problems. 

(1) Issues: trade and commerce, the fisheries. 

(2) Settlement: reciprocity treaty, 1854 — terms, 

importance, effects. 

(d) Cuban-Spanish Difficulties. 

(1) Acquisition: aim, 1848-1860; attempts to buy — 

offers, Spanish position. 

(2) Filibustering: Spanish complaints— American 

answers ; expeditions — The Quitman, etc. ; 
Soule in Spain— his conduct; The "Black 
Warrior" episode, Feb., 1854; correspond- 
ence — Soule, war; the Kansas-Nebraska 
bill — effects on people North, on Marcy; 
settlement; The "Ostend Manifesto," Oct., 
1854 — terms, reception, effects. 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 117 



(e) Hawaii: relation to U. S.; trade, military; 

treaty — annexation, outcome. 

(f) Personnel: Bell, Fillmore, Kossuth, Quitman. 
Questions: (i) What were the dominant features of European 

history about 1845-1850? (2) How did the events in Europe af- 
fect American history — examples. (3) What attitude did 
"Young America" take toward the Monroe Doctrine? (4) Ob- 
ject of Kossuth in coming to the United States? (5) Give the 
chief terms of the treaty of 1854 with Canada. (6) Relation of 
the Kansas-Nebraska bill to the annexation of Cuba. (7) Who 
were the authors of the Ostend Manifesto? (8) What doctrine 
set forth in it? (9) How did Soule carry on negotiations with 
Spain? (10) What quality in our diplomacy during these years 
impresses you most? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XVIII, 75-93, 249- 
262; Rhodes, I, 216-221, 231-242, 294-296, 416-419; II, 1-43, 120- 
121, 350-354; Schouler, V, 214-219, 229-237, 251-255, 296-300, 310- 
314, 416-418, 453-454; Von Hoist, IV, 45-100; V, 1-50; Greeley, 
Am. Conflict, I, 270-278; Smith, A Pol. Hist, of Slavery, I, 149- 
155; Curtis, Buchanan, II, 136-141, 211-227; Curtis, Webster, II, 
533-565; Foster, Century of Diplomacy, 326-355; Latane, Diplo- 
matic Relations with Cuba, 106-136; Chadwick, Diplomacy, etc., 
224-272; Callahan, Cuba, 221-328; Foster, Diplomacy in the Ori- 
ent, 133-169, 203-255; Henderson, Am. Diplomatic Questions, 
123-136; Quisenbury, Lopez's Expeditions to Cuba; H. H. Ban- 
croft, California, chs. 16 and 17; Pol. Sci. Quarterly, VIII, 1-32; 
Am. Hist. Reviews, XII, 280-298. 

Source: MacDonald, Select Documents, 390-394, 405-412; Clus- 
key, Political Text-Book, I33-I34, 477-4&I ; Van Tyne, Letters of 
Webster, 487-497; Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 2; Webster, Works 
(Webster ed.), VI, 488-517; (National ed.), XII, 162-191 ; Execu- 
tive Documents, 33rd Cong. 2nd Session, No. 93. 

(5) The Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854. 

(a) The Nebraska Country, 1840-1853. 

(1) Name: origin, first use, what territory? 

(2) Attempts at organization : bills 1844, 1845, 1848 

— Douglas as champion, reasons; various 
boundaries of proposed territory; bill of 
1853 — passage in House, brief debate, state- 
ment of Giddings; in Senate, posthou- 
ment, remark of Sen. Atchison. 

(b) The Nebraska Bill, Jan. 4, — Ian. 23, 1854. 

(1) Preamble to bill: statement of principle — 

popular sovereignty. 

(2) The bill : terms, importance of Art. 21 ; rela- 

tion to the Missouri Compromise; Dixon's 
amendment, Jan. 16; Sumner's Jan. 17; 
recommitment bill to committee. 



118 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(3) Independent Democrats: appeal to country, 
Jan. 19; charges against Douglas; terms; 
effects. 

(c) The Kansas-Nebraska Bill, Jan. 23, 1854. 

(1) Provisions: two territories, change in boun- 

daries; slavery provision, change in phras- 
ing, significance. 

(2) Objects of change; in number of territories, 

theories — slavery, commercial interests; in 
phrasing. 

(3) Struggle and debate: Senate, Seward, Chase, 

etc. vs. Douglas ; charges, bad faith — break- 
ing a sacred compact, extension slavery: 
claims of Douglas, action in harmony with 
compromise of 1850, doctrine of non-inter- 
vention, present spirit of people; vote, 37- 
14; House, action on Senate bill — sup- 
posed burial, resurrection — means; filibus- 
tering — Campbell vs. Richardson; debate; 
amendment — voters; passage 1 13-100, May 
23, 1854; vote — party, sectional; a law, 
May 30. 

(d) Effects. 

(1) On parties: reorganization. 

(2) On compromise: practically impossible in fu- 

ture. 

(e) Personnel: H. Greeley, J. T. McLean, L. D. 

Campbell. 

Questions: (1) To what region did the^ name Nebraska at 
first apply? (2) Was it slave or free territory in 1853? (3) 
How did Douglas propose to treat the slavery question in his bill 
to organize the territory of Nebraska, Jan. 10, 1854? (4) How 
did the Dixon and Sumner amendments propose to change the 
bill? (5) What changes made in the bill as reintroduced Jan. 
23? (6) What claimed objects of Douglas? (7) What reason 
did Douglas give for making two territories? (8) Was the 
Missouri Compromise act repealed in 1850 cr in 1854? (9) In 
which year did Douglas wish to make it appear the repeal took 
place? (10) In what way was the bill finally forced through the 
House? (11) What defence can you make of Douglas in this 
measure? 

General References, Secondary : Am. Nat. S., XVIII, 94-109; 
Schouler. V, 279-294; Burgess, Middle Period, 389-449; Rhodes, I, 
421-500; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist, II, 141-169; Von Hoist, IV, 280- 
461 ; Elson, 571-578; Cambridge, Mod. Hist., VII, 426; Young, Am. 
Statesman, 941-954 ; W. Wilson, IV, Index ; Andrews, U. S., Ill, 
216-222; Hopkins, Pol. Parties, 85-89; Clusky, Pol. Text Book, 
349, 356, etc., Smith, Liberty, and Free Soil, 285-298; Smith, Pol. 
Hist, of Slavery, I, 162-184: Hess, Pol. Theories. 286: Woodburn, 
Pol. Parties, 82-84; H. Wilson, Rise and Fall, II, 378-4°5; Lan- 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 119 



don, Const. Hist, 196-197; Elson, Sidelights, 295-310; Morton, 
Hist, of Xebr., I," Ray, Repeal of Mo. Comp., 199-289; Dixon, 
Mo. Comp. and its Repeal, 430-612; Moore, Am. Cong., 350-371 ; 
Alexander, Pol. Hist, of N. Y., II, 180-190; Julian, Recollections, 
133* ; Greely, Am. Conflict, I, 224f; Davis, Confederacy, I, ch. X; 
Blaine, I, I09f; Bancroft, Seward, 333-363; Seward, Seward, II, 
215-230; Lothrup, Seward, 115-133; Storey, Sumner, 101-131 ; 
Pierce, Sumner, 345-409; Roosevelt, Benton, 309-313; McLaughlin, 
Cass, 293-308; Johnson, Douglas, 220-260; Gardner, Douglas, 63- 
82; Sheahan, Douglas, 187-277; Member of West. Bar, Douglas, 
63-/I; Warden, Chase, 336f; Schuckers, Chase, 134-140; Orth 
Five Am. Politicians (for Douglas), 318-346; Morse, 
Lincoln, 94-96; Arnold, Lincoln, 108-112; Nicolay, Lin- 
coln, 94-100; Nicolay and Hay. Lincoln, I, 330-352; 
Various other lives of Lincoln; Garrison, Garrison, III, 402-412; 
Curtis. Buchanan, II, 187-21 1; DuBois, Yancey, 273-288. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 412-427; Caldwell, Some Am. 
Leg., 136, 157-167; Caldwell, Survey, 163-166; Johnston, Am. 
Orations. Ill, 3-88 ; MacDonald, Select Documents, 395-405 ; Docu- 
mentary Source Book, 397-405 ; Hart, Contemp., IV, 97-100 ; Rich- 
ardson, Messages, V, 1941"; Ames, State Documents, 280-288; 
Member of West. Bar, Douglas. Append., 71-146; Carr, Douglas, 
187-218; Am. Hist. Leaflet, No. 17; Congressional Globe for 
1853-4; Works of Sumner. Seward, Lincoln, Buchanan, etc., 
Fi 1 lmore Papers; Tribune Almanac, II, (1855), 34-41. 

(6) Formation of the Republican Party, 1854-1836. 

(a) The Name. 

(1) Origin: place, reasons. 

(b) Reasons of Formation. 

(1) Breaking up of old parties: passing of former 

issue?. 

(2) Slavery: a sectional issue, sectionalize parties. 

(3) Kansas-Nebraska Act: solidification of oppo- 

nents of slavery extension. 

(c) Development, 1854-1856. 

(1) 1854: rn Northwest — Wisconsin, first use of 

name, local convention; Michigan, July 6 — 
first State convention; membership — previ- 
ous party affiliations, resolutions ; other 
States — Iowa, Ohio, Ind., July 13; in~ 
East — slower growth, reasons ; condition at 
close of 1854. 

(2) 1855: absorption of mass of Northern Whigs; 

attitude of Webster wing; successes — 
States, Congress ; relation to Know-X T oth- 
ings; struggle over speakership — Banks' 
election. 

(3) Composition: Free Soilers, Whigs, Demo- 

crats ; proportion of each. 



120 OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(d) Principles. 

(1) Early years: slavery, one issue — non-exten- 

sion. 

(2) Later times: gradual changes. 

(e) Personnel: J. C. Fremont, J. Dayton, Chas. Sum- 

ner. 

Questions: (1) How did it happen that the present Republican 
party got the name Republican? (2) What were its constituent 
elements? (3) Immediate occasion for its formation? (4) What 
party was its forerunner? (5) In what State did it have its be- 
ginnings under name Republican? (6) What can be said in re- 
gard to its principles? (7) What its outlook for supremacy in 
1857? (8) What event gave it renewed strength? (9) Who 
were its most powerful leaders? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XVIII, 109-121, 
136-149; Schouler, V, 303-308; Rhodes, II, 45-107; Von Hoist, V, 
130-134 ; Elson, 578-582; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist, II, 197-198; Wil- 
son, Rise and Fall, II, 406-434; Stanwood, Hist. Presidency, 258- 
261 ; McClure, Our Presidents, 127-131 ; Macy, Pol. Parties, 180-202; 
Woodburn, Pol. Parties, 50-51, 57-62; Curtis, The Republican 
Party, I, 1-6, 148-249; Smith, Liberty and Free Soil, 298-308; 
Jameson, Dictionary of Am. Ref., 161-162; Blaine, Twenty Years, 
116-119; Arnold, Lincoln, 124-127; Morse, Lincoln, 95-100; Nico- 
lay and Hay, Lincoln, I, 352-365 ; McLaughlin, Cass, 308-323 ; Ban- 
croft, Seward, I, 363-398; Seward, Seward, II, 230-234, 251-259, 
and Table of Contents; Lothrop, Seward, 133-144; Schucker's 
Chase, 165-169; Hart, Chase, 147-158; Du Bose, Yancey, 316-323; 
Sparks, U. S., 205-211, Perley's Reminiscences, I, 497I 

Sources: Seward's Works, IV, 223-240; Tribune Almanac 
(1855), II, 16-19, 53-65; Congressional Globe for 1854-56. 

Special: Am. Hist. Review, IV, 313-321. 

(7) "Popular Sovereignty" in Kansas, 1854-1857. 

(a) Existence of nezv conditions : a new problem. 

(1) Earlier territories: an existing population at 

time of organization of territory. 

(2) Kansas and Nebraska; territorial organization 

for a future population. 

(b) Beginning of immigration, June, 1854. 

(1) Settlements: location, numbers, former home 

of settlers. 

(2) Aid societies : emigrant aid societies of New 

England — A. Lawrence, Thayer, etc., and 
elsewhere; "Blue Lodges" in Missouri; 
question of precedence ; effects. 

(3) First election: delegate to Congress; invasion 

from Mo. ; success pro-slavery candidate — 
Whitfield. 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 121 



(c) Politics, 1854-1855. 

(1) Governors: Reeder (Pa.), 1854-1855; Shan- 

non (O), 1855-1856; Geary (Pa.), 1856- 
1857; Walker (Miss.), 1857. 

(2) Election of Territorial Legislature: second 

Mo. invasion — 5,000 ; pro-slavery success ; 
action of Reeder; effect on North; Reed- 
er's letters and speeches — removal, Aug. 15, 
1855. 

(3) Action of free soil men: Robinson, Lane, 

Reeder, etc.; call of a constitutional con- 
vention, Topeka constitution, Oct.-Dec, 
1855; Election under Jan., 1856; Robinson, 
governor, free soil legislature; result — two 
full governments. 

(d) Civil War, 18 55-18 57. 

(1) Character of population: frontiersmen. 

(2) Beginnings : individual conflicts ; arrests, sher- 

iff Jones — "Missouri Ruffians ;" Shannon — 
compromise, end of "Wakarusa war/' 

(3) At its height, 1856: sack of Lawrence, May 21, 

John Brown "murders flight of Reeder, 
arrest of Robinson ; Geary governor — prom- 
ises, failure, a free soiler. 

(e) Personnel: Robinson, Lane, Geary, J. Calhoun. 
Questions: (1) How did the application of the principle of 

"popular sovereignty" differ in Kansas from that in New Mexico? 
(2) What danger was there in attempting to apply it in these ter- 
ritories — Kansas and Nebraska ? (3) Why was the struggle so much 
more intense in Kansas than in Nebraska? (4) What was the 
first fruit in Kansas? (5) Upon which section should the respon- 
sibility be placed? (6) Were John Brown's acts in Kansas ap- 
provable? (7) Was the Topeka constitution the result of a revo- 
lutionary movement? (8) Were the free-soilers wise in declining 
for so long to take part in regular elections? (9) How did they 
justify themselves? (10) By what time was civil order secured? 

General References, Secondary: (1) Am. Nat. S., XVIII, 121- 
135; Rhodes, II, 78-87, 98-107, 150-168, 237-240; Von Hoist, V, 
134-185, 284-315, 422-435; Schouler, V, 320-333, 344-345, 357-358; 
Blackman, Life of Robinson, 87-249; Smith, Political Hist, of 
Slavery, I, 184-192; Greeley, The Am. Conflict, I, 235-245; Hinton, 
J. Brown, 39-113; Redpath, Life of J. Brown, 83-175; Sanborn, 
Life and Letters of J. Brown, 160-417; Mrs. Robinson, Kansas, 11- 
40, 95-112, 132-315; Spring, Kansas, 24-208; Thayer, The Kansas 
Crusade, 18-35, 63-72. 186-251 ; H. Wilson, II, chs. 35, 37, 40-42, 
49; Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln, II, ch. 6. 

Source: Hart, Contemporaries, IV, 1 04-121 ; MacDonald, Select 
Documents, 413-415; Kansas Hist. Society Collections, House Re- 



122 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



ports, 34 Cong, ist Session, Nos. 3 and 200; Richardson, Messages 
and Papers, V, 352-360; Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 57-59, 118-119; 
Cluskey, Political Text-Book, 362-366, 367-384. 

(8) Kansan "Popular Sovereignty" in Congress, 1855-1857. 
(a) First Blood for Pro-Slavery Cause. 

(1) Delegate to Congress: Whitfield — pro-slavery, 

admission, 1854-1857. 

(2) Free-Soil "Senators," Reeder and Lane, rejec- 

tion, 1856. 

'(b) The Topeka Constitutional Struggle, 18 55- 18 56. 

(1) Admission of Kansas as a State: House; mo- 

tion to admit, long and bitter debate ; adop- 
tion of motion; effect of discussion — unifi- 
cation of anti -slavery men into Republican 
party; Senate, debate, speech of Douglas — 
arguments; rejection of House bill. 

(2) A Southern proposal : Toombs — a new elec- 

tion, a new registration, management in 
hands of committee of five; rejection by Re- 
publicans, reasons, wisdom; fairness of the 
Toombs bill. 

(3) A Republican plan: Dunn (Ind.) — restoration 

of the line 36 30'; rejection — by South, 
reasons ; by Douglas Democrats — causes. 

(c) Congressional Committee of Investigation, 1856. 

(1) Membership: Sherman (O.), Howard (Mich), 

Republicans; Oliver (Mo.), Democrat. 

(2) Reports : majority — frauds, disorder, mur- 

ders ; minority — deplorable conditions ; so 
far agreement; disagreement — reasons and 
responsibility for these conditions. 

(3) Use of report: campaign documents. 

(d) Outcome. 

(1) No action: House and Senate in deadlock. 

(2) Conditions in Kansas: growing worse. 

(e) Butler, Collmer, Pierce, Buchanan. 

Questions: (1) What advantage to the pro-slavery cause in the 
seating of delegate Whitfield? (2) Which interest controlled 
the House of Representatives, 1855? (3) Which the Senate? 
(4) What was the effect in the House of the long contest, over 
speaker and the Topeka constitution? (5) What arguments for 
and against the admission of Kansas under the Topeka constitu- 
tion? (6) What compromise offer made by Senator Toombs? 
(7) Were the Republicans justified in rejecting the offer? (8) 
Do you approve the Dunn plan? (9) What condition found to 
prevail in Kansas by the investigating committee? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S. XVIII, 149-160; 
Schouler, V, 346-349; Von Hoist, V, 247-250, 376-435; Rhodes, 
II, 125-133, 189-201; H. Wilson, II, 470-471, 475-507; Young, Am. 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 123 



Statesman, 971-978; Moore, Am. Congress, 363-370; Curtis, Bu- 
chanan, II, 187-210; Pierce, Sumner, III, 425-484; Grimke, Sum- 
ner, 260-294; Storey, Sumner, 131-153; Seward, Seward at Wash- 
ington, II, 280-290; Bancroft, Seward, 398-421; Lothrop, Seward, 
151-167; Brown and Johnston, Stephens, 302-316; Kerr, J. Sher- 
man, I, 47-67 ; Atlantic Monthly, I, 492-500, Nicolay and Hay, Lin- 
coln, II, 47-57; Johnson, Douglas, 281-306; Sheahan, Douglas, 
284-311; Gardner, Douglas, 92-109; Snider, The Am. Ten Years' 
War, 154-176. 

Source: Cluskey, Political Text Book, 366-398, 613-628; Cong. 
Globe; Tribune Almanac, 1857, 19-28,1^55, 18-22; American Ora- 
tions, III, 88-128; Sumner, Works, V, 125; Sheahan, Douglas, 
295-301; Cong. Globe, Vol. 33, 5291"; (Sumner), 28of (Douglas), 
3§5f (Collamer), 399f and 7§2f (Seward), 1151" (Toombs) ; Se- 
ward, Works, IV, 479f, 5121". 

(9) The Election of 1836; Buchanan. 

(a) Congress, 1855-1857; Election Members, 1854. 

(1) Composition: heterogeneous — Democrats, an- 

ti-Nebraska Democrats, Know-Nothings, 
Whigs, Free Soilers, Independents. 

(2) Election speaker: first ballot — over 30 candi- 

dates ; first sifting — to five : final voting, 
Democrats, Richardson (111.), Orr (S. C), 
Aiken (S. C.) — 100 votes; Republican, 
Banks (R. I.), 103 votes; election Banks — 

two months ballotings. 

(b) Essential Issues. 

(1) The Kansas-Nebraska Bill and its results; 

slavery. 

(2) Foreigners : treatment, citizenship. 

(c) Party Convention and Candidates. 

(1) Democrats: leading candidates — -Pierce, Bu- 

chanan, Douglas, Marcy: effect of sack of 
Lawrence and attack on Sumner — defeat of 
first three — association with cause of these 
events, Kansas-Nebraska bill; nomination 
Buchanan and Breckenridge ; platform — 
"state equality/' 

(2) Republicans : candidates — Seward, Chase, Mc- 

Lean; character of convention — composite; 
opposition to Seward — a Whig; to Chase 
— too radical; to McLean — member su- 
preme court; Fremont and Dayton — avail- 
ability nominees; effect on party; platform 
— non-extension slavery, Cuba, Ostend 
manifesto; Pacific railroad, improvement 
rivers. 

(3) Americans and Whigs: nominees, Fillmore 

and Donelson; platform — no geographical 
parties, the constitution, peace. 



124 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(d) Campaign: North — intense; South — quiet. 

(e) Result 

(1) Vote: States — Republicans II, Democrats 19, 

Americans 1 ; electoral vote, Fremont 1 14, 
Buchanan 174, Fillmore 8; popular vote, 
Republicans, 1,341,000; Democrats, 1,838,- 
000, Americans, 874,000. 

(2) Future: combination Republicans and Ameri- 

cans in pact; success Republicans. 

(f) Organization of the New Administration. 

(1) Cabinet: State (Cass), Treasury (Cobb), 

Atty. Gen. (Black), War (Floyd), Navy 
(Toucey), P. M. Gen. (Brown), Interior 
(Thompson) ; character, ability, sectional 
distribution. 

(2) Civil service : spoils system, machine. 

(g) Personnel: J. Black, N. P. Banks, Soule. 
Questions: (1) Who were the leading candidates for speaker 

in Dec, 1855? (2) What parties or interests did each represent? 
(3) What caused the defeat of the three leading Democratic can- 
didates for presidential nomination, 1856? (4) What factor fa- 
vored Buchanan? (5) What was the meaning of "State Equal- 
ity" of the Democratic platform? (6) Did the Republicans nom- 
inate their strongest man in 1856? (7) For what principles did the 
Republicans stand in that year? (8) What predictions made in 
regard to future of Republican party at the close of the campaign? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XVIII, 161-174; 
Schouler, V, 349-357; Rhodes, II, 118-120, 169-237; Von Hoist, V, 
436-468; Young, Am. Statesman, 971-974; Elson, 282-286; Wilson, 
Rise and Fall, II, 508-522 ; Clusky, Pol. Text Book, 485-490, etc. ; 
Stanwood, Presidency, 261-278; McClure, Our Presidents, 131-154; 
Macy, Pol. Parties, 221-229; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist, II, 198-201; 
Hopkins, Pol. Parties, 94-103; Smith, Pol. Hist, of Slavery, I, 211- 
212 ; Curtis, Republican Party, I, 249-268 ; Blaine, Twenty Years, I, 
122-131 ; Curtis, Buchanan, II, 169-187; Arnold, Lincoln, 127-138; 
Nicolay, Lincoln, 101-107; Morse, Lincoln, 100-103; Nicolay and 
Hay, Lincoln, II, 23-37; McLaughlin, Cass, 323-328; McCall, Ste- 
vens, 92-97; Garrison's Garrison, III, 434-447; Bancroft, Seward, 
I, 398-432; Lothrop, Seward, 144-151; Hart, Chase, 158-177; 
Schucker's, Chase, 195-197; DuBose, Yancey, 323-335; Stovall, 
Toombs, 121-129; Snider, The Am. Ten Years' War, 92-137. 

Source: McKee, Platforms, 87-107; Clusky, Text Book, 183- 
241; 534-535; Greely, Pol. Text Book, 203-21^; Cleveland-Stephens 
561-580; Choate, Works, II, 387-415; Buchanan, Works, X, 8, 23, 
80-114; Fillmore, Papers, II, 1-31 ; Lincoln, Works, I, 220-226; 
Seward, Works, IV, 241-288; Congressional Globe, 1855-1856; 
Tribune Almanac, II (for 1856), 17, 53-65. 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 125 



(10) The Bred Scott Decision, March 6, 1857. 

(a) The Court. 

(1) Organization: number of judges; territorial 

distribution; length of service. 

(2) Personnel: ability; political affiliations; posi- 

tion on slavery. 

(3) Constitutional bias : for broad or strict con- 

struction; National or State sovereignty. 

(b) The Case. 

(1) Scott: Missouri slave, taken by owner to Illi- 

nois, then to Minn, territory; back to Mis- 
souri; marriage, children. 

(2) Suits : in Mo. courts ; decision — Scott a slave ; 

Missouri courts — no jurisdiction outside 
State; in U. S. Circuit Court — affirmation 
of decision of Missouri court — a federal 
principle; case to Supreme Court. 

(c) Actio % n of the Court. 

(1) First plan: decision only on question of juris- 

diction — Judge Nelson. 

(2) Revised plan, 1857 : consideration of all ques- 

tions involved; reasons — restore harmony 
in Union; issues — negroes property, posses- 
session of citizenship — right to sue, power 
of Congress over territory. 

(3) Decision: question of decision vs. dictum; 

practical acceptance of Taney's opinion as 
law. 

(d) Effects. 

(1) On legal status of slavery in territories; on 

the theories in regard to control of terri- 
tories. 

(2) On public sentiment : in the North — antagonis- 

tic — charge of conspiracy; on the South — 
satisfaction, security of rights in territory. 

(e) Personnel: Nelson, Curtis, Taney, Campbell. 
Questions: (1) What standing had the Supreme Court in pub- 
lic confidence in 1850-1860? (2) Did the court use this public 
confidence for good or ill purposes? (3) What do you learn 
in regard to the ability and honesty of the members of the court? 
(4) How many separate cases were there in the Dred Scott con- 
troversy? (5) What did Judge Nelson decide? (6) What other 
question had an opinion at least in its favor? (7) What part of 
the so-called opinion do many hold was without binding force? 
(8) How did Lincoln stand in regard to the decision? (9) What 
plan did Douglas set forth to destroy its practical effects? (10) 
What effect did his plan have on his political future? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XVIII, 190- 
209; XIX, 59-67; Schouler, V, 376-382; Rhodes, II, 249-276; 
Von Hoist, VI, 1-47; Smith, Pol. Hist, of Slavery, I, 242- 



126 OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



268 ; Curtis, Const. Hist., II, 266 ; Johnston, Am. Pol. 
Hist., II, 169-178; Sparks, U. S., I, 223: II, 212-216; Young, 
Am. Statesman, 979-981 ; Burgess, Middle Period. 449- 
460; Ewing, Dred Scott Case; Benton, Examination of 
D. Scott Case; Gray and Lovell, Legal Review of D. Scott Case; 
Thorpe, Const. Hist., II, 536-553; Clusky, Pol. Text Book, 
147-208; Moore, Am. Cong., 37; Macy, Pol. Parties, 229-240; 
Woodburn, Pol. Parties, 85, 89; Fess, Pol. Theory, 288-291; 
Carson, Supreme Court of U. S., 356, 652, Index; Const. Hist, 
as seen in Am. Law, Index; Tyler, Taney, 331-400; Santvoord, 
Lives of Chief Justices, 459 and Table of Contents; Roosevelt, 
Benton, 315-319; Morse, Lincoln, 102-110; Nicolay and Hay, Lin- 
coln, II, 47-60; Arnold, Lincoln, 130-132; Dodd, Davis, 154-157; 
Curtis, Buchanan, II, 205; Greely, Am. Conflict, I, 251-264; Du 
Bose, Yancey, 335-340; Nicolay, Lincoln, 108-113. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 427-429; Hart, Contemp., 
IV, 122-136; MacDonald, Select Documents, 416-435; Documen- 
tary Source Book, 405-420 ; Ames, State Documents, 295-298 ; Am. 
Hist. Leaflet, No. 23; Tyler's Taney (decision quoted), 517-608 
(app.) ; Boyd's Cases, 471-491 (old ed.) ; Thayer's Cases, I, 480- 
496; Works of Sumner, Lincoln, Fillmore, Buchanan, Seward, etc. 

(11) Slavery as an Institution. 

(a) Industrial Conditions Under Negro Slavery. 

(1) Labor: efficiency, compare with free in agri- 

culture — production, prices lands, variety of 
products, net income ; in commerce ; in 
manufactures. 

(2) Condition laborer: food, clothing, home com- 

forts; cost of keeping— extreme South; 
hours of labor; incentive — free, slave; pun- 
ishment ; protection to life : on the planta- 
tions, in domestic service; slave breeding — 
effect on women. 

(3) Manual labor: standing, efficiency. 

(b) Social Influence. 

(1) Classes: tendency to produce — oligarchy, aris- 

tocracy, prolitariat; manual labor class. 

(2) Provincialism : education — school books, sec- 

t i o n a 1 ; localism — religious, political ; 
literature — political in character, amount; 
idealization of local institutions — slavery, 
agricultural life; free speech — limitation.^ 

(3) Home life: characteristics — comforts, family 

solidarity. 

(c) Moral Life. 

(1) Ruling class: men, women; lower classes; 

qualities. 

(2) Negroes: marriage, slave breeding; mulattoes 

— amalgamation ; chattels — effects. 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 127 



(d) Final Judgment. 

(1) In Uncle Tom's Cabin: degree of truth; 

errors. 

(2) Difficulties of problem: long existence, rela- 

tion to whole system of public and private 
life ; alternatives — free negroes — incom- 
petency, colonization — difficulties ; change 
of public opinion — how secure. 
Questions: (1) Does the evidence seem to prove that free or 
slave labor was the cheaper? (2) How did slavery affect the 
industries of the South? (3) What difference between slavery 
in Virginia and the extreme South? (4) What kind of a ruling 
class did slavery tend to produce? (5) How do you explain the 
unity in action between slave and non-slavery holder? (6) Why 
was it necessary to destroy practically free-speech when slavery 
existed? (7) What arguments seemed to be convincing against 
emancipation? (8) What arguments were used to justify the 
system of slavery? (9) Does Uncle Tom's Cabin present a true 
picture of slavery? (10) Did emancipation end the negro 
problem ? 

General References, Secondary: Rhodes, I, 303-383; Am. Nat., 
XVI, 49-151, XIX, 3-36; Von Hoist, III, 563-597; W. G. Brown, 
The Lower South, 3-82; Reed, Brothers' War, 45-50, 330-345; 
Lee, True Hist. Civil War, 24-53; Bogart, Econ. Hist. U. S., 
251-264; Wright, Industr. Evol. U. S., 143-158; Page, The Negro, 
3-55, 162-204; Hammond, Cotton Industry, I, 34-119; U. B. Phil- 
lips, Economic Cost of Slaveholding (Pol. Science Quarterly, 
XX, 257-275), and Southern Black Belts (Am. Hist. Review, 
XI, 816) ; Stone, Southern Economic Problems (Am. Hist. Re- 
view, XIII, 779-785, 790-797) ; Williams, Negro Race, II, 147- 
213 ; Ingram, Slavery, 281-285 ; Merriam, Am. Pol. Theories, 203- 
251; Snider, Am. Ten Years' War, 262-329; Curtis, Rep. Party, 
I, 148-169; Cleveland's Stephens, 124-135; Du Bose's Yancey, 414- 
438; Am. Hist. Review XI. 798-816. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 435-450; Caldwell, Survey, 
163-168; Hart, Contemporaries, IV, 59-79; Callendar, Econ. Hist. 
U. S., 752-819; Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, II, 2-218; 
Kettell, Southern Wealth and Northern Profits; Cairnes, Slave 
Power, 33-105; Helper, Impending Crisis, 11-122, 281-413; Good- 
ell, Am. Slave Code, 9-385; Goodwin, Southern Slavery, 212- 
306; Sawyer, Southern Institutes, 147-236; Bledsoe, Liberty and 
Slavery, 292-300; DeBow, Resources of Southwest, II, 205-264, 
269-292, 330-341; III, 62-75, 120-126; Olmstead, Cotton Kingdom, 
I and II; Stephens, War Between the States, I, 621-625, 636-647; 
Pollard, Lost Cause, 54-63; Wise, End of an Era, 137-151 ; Par- 
son Brownlow's Book, 105-113; N. Adams, Southside View of 
Slavery; C. P. Brown, The Planter; Stowe, Key to Uncle Tom's 
Cabin, 146-586; Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and Freedom, 
33-320; Washington, Up from Slavery, 1-18. 



128 OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(12) Final Stages of Kansan "Popular Sovereignty ;" the Le- 
compton Constitution, 18 '57- 1858. 

(a) Formation of the Lecompton Constitution, 1857. 

(1) Delegates to convention: character of election, 

character of delegates ; president John Cal- 
houn. 

(2) The constitution: provisions, general, on 

slavery, amendment; submission — plan, rea- 
sons. 

(b) The Constitution Before Congress. 

(1) Position Buchanan: an administrative meas- 

ure — reasons, position cabinet, significance. 

(2) Douglas: opposition — interview with Bu- 

chanan — stormy scene ; attempts at recon- 
ciliation ; president's message — Douglas 
against, reasons. 

(3) Debate and action: Senate — defeat of Douglas, 

33 -2 5; House — amendment bill, resubmis- 
sion; compromise — the English bill, terms, 
justice, significance; vote, 120-112; Douglas' 
position. 

(c) Struggle in Kansas Over the Ratification of the 

Constitution. 

(1) Conditions: R. J. Walker (Miss.), governor; 

able, honest, determined, just; plan — forma- 
tion of a Democratic, not a slave state, rea- 
sons; appeal to free soilers successful; 
abandonment of Topeka constitution; elec- 
tion of new territorial legislature, 1857, ma- 
jority free soilers; council 9 to 4; House 
24 to 15. 

(2) Method of submission: "the constitution with 

slavery, the constitution with no slavery." 
reasons ; violation of popular sovereignty. 

(3) Elections : constitutional convention date, Dec. 

21, 1857, voters — pro slavery men — result; 
legislative date, Jan. 4, voters — all, result. 

(4) The English bill: rejection, vote, reasons, re- 

sults. 

(d) Results. 

(1) In Kansas: on slavery, on parties. 

(2) On Douglas : in party, in future. 

(e) Personnel: F. P. Stanton, Gwin, J. Bell. 
Questions: (1) Did the free-soilers commit an error in not 

voting at election for delegates to Lecompton convention? (2) 
Why did they refuse to vote? (3) What were the disputed clauses 
in the constitution? (4) What arguments seemingly convinced 
Buchanan that the proposed method of submission was fair? Xs) 
Why did Douglas refuse to approve the manner of submission? 
(6) How did the two houses of Congress stand on accepting Kan- 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 129 



sas under the Lecompton constitution? (7) What plan was finally 
adopted by Congress? (8) In what way was it a compromise? 
(9) What was Gov. Walker's view in regard to merits of the 
case? (10) Under what constitution was Kansas finally admitted 
as a state? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XVIII, 190-235; 
Schouler, V, 383-386, 390-400; Von Hoist, VI, 47-96, 166-253; Bur- 
gess, Middle Period, 460-474; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist. II, 163- 
166; Young, Am. Statesman, 983-993; Elson, Hist. U. S., 592-595; 
Smith, A Political Hist, of Slavery, I, 249-258; Greeley, Am. Con- 
flict, I, 248-250; Blaine, Twenty Years in Cong., I, 138-144; Rhodes, 
II, 271-289; Wilson, Rise and Fall of Slave Power, II, 534-565; 
Macy, Pol. Parties, 240-246; Johnson, Douglas, 324-347; Gardner, 
Douglas, 125-144; Carr, Douglas, 62-72; Sheahan, Douglas, 311^ 
324, 328-353; A Lawyer, Douglas, 105-125; Carr. Douglas, 218-234; 
90-134.; Du Bose, Yancey, 343-346; Curtis, Buchanan, 187-210; 
Hamlin, Hamlin, 318-330; Bancroft, Seward, 432-454; Lothrop, 
Seward, 168-184; Spring, Kansas, 209-236, 256-262; Pollard, Lost 
Cause, 67-70; Robinson, Kansas, 344-354, 374-375; Nicolay & 
Hay, Lincoln, II, 90-134. 

Source: MacDonald, Select Documents, 435-438; Hart, Contem- 
poraries, 119-121; Cluskey, Political Text-Book, 399-460, 709-763; 
Richardson, Messages, V, 471-481, 497-503; Sheahan, Douglas, 314- 
324, 328-353, A Lawyer, Douglas, 105-125; Carr, Douglas, 218-234; 
Johnson and Brown, Stephens, 328-333 ; Moore, Works of Buchan- 
an, X, 179-192, 235-242; Seward, Works, IV, 574-618. 

(13) The Lincoln-Douglas Debate, 1858. 

(a) Salient Conditions in . Spring of 1858. 

(1) In the Nation: result of Douglas' doctrine 

of popular sovereignty in Kansas, 1855- 
1857 — Civil War; breach between Douglas 
and President over Lecompton Constitu- 
tion, 1857-1858; Cooperation of Douglas and 
Republicans; attitude of Greeley, Colfax, 
etc., toward Douglas ; abandonment by ad- 
ministration of popular sovereignty; Dred 
Scott decision, 1857. 

(2) In Illinois : nomination, April 21, by Demo- 

cratic Convention of Douglas for Senator; 
June 9, Administration Democrats against; 
June 17, Republican nomination of Lincoln. 

(b) The Debate: 

(1) Preliminaries: Lincoln's "House Divided 

Against Itself," Speech, June 16; Douglas 
Chicago address, July 9; Lincoln's reply at 
Springfield. 

(2) The Challenge: letters — Lincoln's, Douglas's; 

reasons for challenge, attitude of Douglas, 



130 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(3) The Debates: number; places and sections of 
State ; questions by each — answers ; leading 
arguments ; tone and spirit of debaters ; its 
reception by the country; effects in Illinois, 
in the Nation, on Douglas — in the South, 
on Lincoln — in history. 

(c) Result. 

(1) On senatorial contest. 

(2) In nation's history. 

(d) Personnel: H. White, Colfax. 

Questions: (1) What was Douglas's standing with Republican 
leaders in winter of 1858? (2) How was he regarded by South- 
ern Democrats? (3) How did Lincoln regard the proposed 
acceptance of Douglas as leader of a new anti-slavery party? (4) 
When and where did the debate between the two men really be- 
gin? (5) Object of Lincoln in formal challenge? (6) What 
was the most important question Lincoln asked Douglas? (7) 
Was Douglas's answer frank and clear? (8) Which one im- 
presses you as the greater debater — why? (9) Which one gained 
standing as a result of the debate? (10) Did the debate affect 
Douglas's future in any way? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XVIII, 226-235; 
Schouler, V, 410-416; Rhodes, II, 307-347; Von Hoist, VI, 269- 
299; H. Wilson, II, 566-577; Elson, Hist. U. S., 598-603; Greeley, 
Am. Conflict, I, 300-302; Blaine, Twenty Years, I, 143-155; Macy, 
Political Parties, 262-275; Johnson, Douglas, 348-392; Gardner, 
Douglas, 145-209; Carr, Douglas, 75-89; Nicolay and Hay, Lin- 
coln, II, 135-170; Morse, Lincoln, 111-160; Nicolay, Lincoln, 118- 
130; Arnold, Lincoln, 139-152; Tarbell, Lincoln, I, 300-333; Hern- 
don, A. Lincoln, II, 59-127; Hapgood, Lincoln, 123-150; Sheahan, 
Douglas, 380-434; Taylor, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, N. A. 
Review, Vol. 189 (1909), 1-61. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 429-430; Caldwell, Am. Leg- 
islators, 164-165; Member of Western Bar, Douglas, 140-166; 
Sheahan, Douglas, 398-415, 426-429; Harding, Select Orations, 
309-341 ; American Patriotism, 494-504 ; Gardner, Douglas, 145- 
2 39; Cooper, Am. Politics, Book III, 126-146; Nicolay and Hay, 
Works, Lincoln, I, 240-273, 275-518; Letters and Addresses of A. 
Lincoln, 1 14-135; Bouton, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates; Political 
Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas. 

(14) Economic and Financial Problems, 18 50-1860. 
(a) Internal Improvements and the West. 

(1) Era of railroad building: formation of trunk 
lines ; seaboard to the plains ; connection of 
East and West; displacement in part of 
river transportation; lessening of North 
and South traffic; enormous investment 
capital ; opening up of new West ; discussion 
of Pacific R. R. — sectional contest; land 
grants for railroad construction. 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 131 



(2) Political phase: attitude of parties; vetoes of 
bills. 

(b) Land policy. 

(1) Free homes; development of homestead 

policy ; law — veto by Buchanan — reasons ; 
adoption, 1861. 

(2) Grants for internal improvements; amounts, 

plans, leaders — Douglas, etc. ; tendency. 

(c) Speculation and Crisis. 

(1) Development, 1853: 1857; lands, railroads, 

West. 

(2) Effiect: on prices, importations, migration. 

(3) Reaction and crisis, 1857; origin, spread, ex- 

tent, assigned causes ; severity in North, 
reasons ; effects, recoverv. 

(d) The Tariff, 1857. 

(1) Revenue: amount; payment debt, accumula- 

tion of supplies — reasons. 

(2) Public sentiment : world wide antagonism to 

protection; prosperity and satisfaction with 
low tariff in U. S. 

(3) Law 1857: terms, position parties, position 

section; Morrill tariff 1859-1861 — causes of 
introduction, character. 

(e) Banking. 

(1) Development: increase number, character 
State laws ; paper money issues — "Wild 
Cat" banking. 

Questions: (1) What marked change in the direction of west- 
ern commerce well under way in the 50's? (2) What reasons for 
and significance in the change? (3) What controversy over lo- 
cation of a Pacific railroad — why? (4) Were the land grants 
to railroads in harmony with strict construction of the constitu- 
tion? (5) What were Pres. Buchanan's objections to the home- 
stead policy? (6) Was it a sectional measure? (7) Was the 
tariff high or low during this debate? (8) Was the country 
prosperous or not? (9) Compare the conditions of 1856 with 
those of 1836. (10) Compare those of 1857 with those of 1837. 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XVIII, 59-74, 174- 
189; Rhodes, II, 281-282; III, 1-56; Schouler, V, 363-364, 386-388; 
Von Hoist, VIII, 282-311 ; Elson, Hist, of U. S., 616-619; Johnson, 
Railway Transportation, 24-27 ; Hadley, Railroads ; Ringwalt, The 
Am. Transportation System; Hewes, The Am. Railway; Coman, 
Industrial Hist., 212-254; Dewey, Financial Hist, 259-270; J. H. U. 
Studies, IV, 170-177; Mag. of Am. Hist, Vol. 17, 163-165; Bolles, 
Financial Hist., II, 455-461 ; Kinley, Independent Treasury, 176- 
180; Juglar, Panics, 82-93; Burton, Financial Crises, 284-287; 
Evans, Hist, of the Crisis of 1857, 92-147; Dunbar, Economic Es- 
says, 266-293; Taussig, Hist of the Tariff, 1 15-154; Stanwood, 
The Tariff Controversy. II, 111-115; Seward, Seward II, 359; 
Johnson, Douglas, 309-316. 



132 OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



Source: Donaldson, Public Domain, 261-268, 332-349; Richard- 
son, Messages, V, 608-614; Callender, Economic Hist., 690-692; 
Cluskey, Political Text-Book, 523-526, 640-641; Moore, Works of 
Buchanan, X, 300-309, 443-450; Cong. Globe, 1857-8; App. 465- 
479 (Int. Improvements), 427-430 (Pacific R. R. Bill), 430-435 
(Homestead Bill) ; 1856-1857, App., 188-193, 215-218, 225-228, 327- 
358 (Tariff) ; Cooper, Am. Politics, Book III, 123-126. 

(15) The Last Straws in the Process of Sectionalization. 

(a) Breach in the Churches. 

(1) Divisions: Methodists, 1845; Presbyterians. 

(2) Sectional tendencies: Baptist, Disciple, Epis- 

copal, etc. 

(b) Rescues of Fugitive Negroes. 

(1) The Wellington case, 1858: environment — 

Oberlin, radical, station on underground 
railway; seizure of negro, John; release by 
"mob ;" arrest and trial of liberators, Bush- 
nell, etc. ; speeches of attorneys — Riddle, 
Spalding; of Governor Chase; resistance — 
physical, political. 

(2) Effect: condemnation of fugitive slave law; 

excitement at South. 

(c) Helper, "Impending Crisis" 

(1) Character of book: position on slavery, sta- 

tistics ; advice to "poor whites." 

(2) Effects : approval by Northern leaders ; con- 

demnation by South — reasons ; bitter sec- 
tional feeling. 

(d) The John Brown Raid, 1859. 

(1) The man: earlier career, business — success; in 

Kansas — radicalism, course ; friends ; char- 
acter, poise, ideals ; courage, practical wis- 
dom. 

(2) His purpose : preparation — constitution of gov- 

ernment, character; equipment — men, arms, 
money; aim — freedom negroes; farm near 
Harper's Ferry. 

(3) The attack on Harper's Ferry: date, resources, 

expectations; fright of people; fate of his 
party, capture of Brown. 

(4) Trial and execution : the court, his bearing 

and testimony; condemnation and 1 death — 
wisdom of execution. 

(5) Effects : on North — a martyr, a maniac, a trai- 

tor; on South — a typical representative of 
North ; secession a necessity. 

(e) Personnel: J. Brown, Riddle, F. Douglass. 
Questions: (1) Significance of the churches dividing into North 

and South branches. (2) How did such "rescues" as the one at 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 133 



Wellington, Ohio, affect relationship between the North and the 
South? (3) Who was Helper? (4) How was his book used in 
the North? (5) Why was it so bitterly attacked by the South? 
(6) What estimate do you make of John Brown? (7) Was his 
death a tactical mistake? (8) Was his invasion of Va. generally 
approved in the North? (9) What reason had the South to think 
it was? (10) In what way did his act affect conditions in 1860- 
1861? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XVIII, 236-248, 
263-304; XIX, 17-108; Rhodes, II, 360-367, 384-414; Von Hoist, 
VII, 1-59, H. Wilson, 587-600; Macy, Political Parties, 276-282; 
Schouler, V, 437-444; Alexander, A Pol. Hist, of N. Y., II, 256- 
269; Elson, Hist. U. S., 604-608; Johnson, Douglas, 412-415; Wise, 
Life of H. A. Wise, 240-261; Stovall, Toombs, 169-174; Greeley, 
Am. Conflict, 279-298; Smith, A. Political Hist, of Slavery, I, 265- 
270; Blaine, Twenty Years in Cong., I, 154-157; Wise, Seven Dec- 
ades, 241-254; Botts, Great Rebellion, 177-179; Foote, War of the 
Rebellion, 256-263; Garrison's Garrison, III, 476-493; Frothing- 
ham, G. Smith, 234-252; Schucker's Chase, 191-192; Sanborn, Dr. 
S. G. Howe, 253-277; Sears, Wendell Phillips, 201-207, Wise, End 
of An Era, 1 13-136; Hinton, John Brown, 229-412; Redpath, J. 
Brown, 187-407; Sanborn, Life and Letters of J. Brown, 418-632; 
Nicolay and Hay, II, 190-215 ; Snider, The Am. Ten Years War, 
219-261 ; Young, Am. Statesman, 1000-1012; Newman, Hist, of 
Baptists of U. S., II, 443-467; Thompson, Presbyterians, 129-149; 
Buckley, The Methodists, 407-476. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 430-431; Hart, Contempora- 
ries, IV, 144-150; Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown, 418- 
632; Cong. Globe, 1859-1860, Part 3, App., 88-93, 104-108; Senate, 
Reports 36th Cong., 1st Session, No. 278. 

Special: Am. Hist. Ass. Reports (1890), 1 13-126. 

(16) The Election of i860. 

(a) Essential Issues. 

( 1 ) Constitutional : location of sovereignty. 

(2) Slavery: extension into new territory; protec- 

tion in, or exclusion from existing terri- 
tory; revival of slave trade. 

(3) In Pennsylvania: the tariff. 

(b) Parties and Their Action. 

(1) Republican: location convention — the "Wig- 

wam/' spirit and excitement; leading can- 
didates, Seward, Chase, Cameron, Bates, 
Lincoln ; rivalries ; promises of Lincoln's 
managers; nominees — Lincoln and Hamlin; 
platform — on slavery, polygamy, internal im- 
provements, the tariff. 

(2) The Union party : nominees — Bell and Everett ; 

no platform except the Constitution and 
the Union; composition, significance. 



134 OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



(3) The Democrats : location convention — Charles- 
ton, its appearance and character; dele- 
gates — character, earnestness; the plat- 
form, their reports — Radical Southern, 
Douglas, and B. F. Butler; adoption Doug- 
las platform — secession radicals of south; 
ballotings — two-thirds rule; no nomination, 
adjournment to Baltimore; final action — 
nomination of Douglas and Johnson by one 
wing, Breckenridge and Lane by other. 

(c) The Campaign. 

(1) Intensity; recognition of its importance; Re- 
publican "Wide Awakes ;" Douglas on 
stump ; argumentative — sober speeches, calm 
pamphlets. 

(2) Struggle for the October States— Ohio, Indiana, 
Pennsylvania — tariff in latter. 

(d) Results. 

(1) Vote: states — free; except part of N. J. all 

for Lincoln, Electoral; Lincoln 180, Breck- 
enridge 72, Bell 39, Douglas 12; popular, 
Lincoln, 1,857,000; Douglas, 1,291,000; 
Breckenridge, 850,000; Bell, 646,000. 

(2) Future: see later outlines. 

(e) Everett, Breckenridge, S. Cameron, Bates, 

C. Schurz. 

Questions: (1) How far had sectionalization gone by i860? 
(2) What were the leading sectional questions? (3) Was section- 
alism a veneer, or fundamental? (4) What caused the split in 
the Democratic party? (5) Relation between this division and 
Republican success, if any. (6) What recruits did the Republi- 
cans gain between 1856 and i860? (7) Compare the two leading 
conventions. (8) How did the two-thirds rule affect the Demo- 
cratic party? (9) Compare the campaign with that of 1856 for 
intensity and enthusiasm. (10) Nature of Douglas's speeches 
after the October State elections. 

General References, Secondary: Stanwood, Presidency, 279- 
297; McClure, Our Presidents, 154-182; Macy, Pol. Parties, 283- 
300; Am. Nation, XIX, 109-135; Von Hoist, VII, 110-248; 
Rhodes, II, 440-501 ; Schouler, V, 454-468 ; Burgess, Civil War, 
I, 45-73; Cooper, Am. Politics, part I, pp. 81-87; Young, Am. 
Statesman, 1043-1049; Fess, Pol. Theory, 298-313; G. C. Lee, 
True Civil War, 131-155; Curtis, Rep. Party, I, 350-365; Elson, 
Sidelights, II, 1-24; Elson, U. S., 608-614; Nicolay and Hay's 
Lincoln, II, 216-295; Nicolay's Lincoln, 136-160; Tarbell' Lin- 
coln, I, 334-386; Morse's Lincoln, I, 161-179; Arnold's Lincoln, 
T53-I7 1 ; French's Lincoln, 142-169; Holland's Lincoln, 216-248; 
Johnson's Douglas, 412-441; Gardner's Douglas, 226-230; Carr's 
Douglas, 90-104; Lothrop's Seward, 193-202; Bancroft's Seward, 
I, 520-553; Seward's Seward, II, 447-476; Baker's Seward, IV., 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 135 



74-115; Hart's Chase, 178-196; Curtis's Buchanan, II. 262-315; 
Pierce's Sumner, III, 603-621; Foulke's Morton, I, 73-84; Garri- 
son's Garrison, III, 494-509; Steam's Stearn, 219-234; Dodd's 
Davis, 174-188; Cleveland's Stephens, 140-147; Johnston and 
Browne's Stephens, 353-366; Butler's Benjamin, 191-224; Du 
Bose's Yancey, 439-540; Stovall's Toombs, 199-204; Am. Hist. 
Review, IV, 651-664. 

Sources: McKee, Convs. and Platforms, 106-120; Cluskey, 
Pol. Text Book, 789-802; Cooper, Am. Politics, part 2, pp. 41- 
43; Hart, Contemporaries, IV, 151-163; W. H. Smith, Pol. Hist. 
Slavery, I, 268-303; Wilson, Slave Power, II, 673-704; Greeley, 
Am. Conflict, I, 299-327; Botts, Rebellion, 179-181 ; Blaine, 20 
Years Congress, I, 215-241; Davis, Confederacy, I, 47-53; Da- 
vis, War Between the States, II, 271-277, 677-709; Pollard, Lost 
Cause, 76-81 ; Greeley, Recollections, 389-393 ; Lunt, Origin of 
the W T ar, 342-379; Mrs. Davis's Davis, I, 667-685; Nicolay and 
Hay, Works of Lincoln, I, 599-655 ; Baker, Works of Seward,- 
IV, 303-430, 679-690; Sumner, Works of Sumner, V, 190-356. 

(17) Contrast Between the Tzco Sections, i860. 

(a) Population. 

(1) North: number; white; colored; military 
spirit and training; dash and staying quali- 
ties; unity of race and spirit; increase — 
immigration. 

(2) South; White, slaves, free negroes; available 
for soldiers; military capacity; homo- 
geneity; growth, replacement, losses. 

(b) Area and Climatic Conditions. 

(1) Number of sq. mi.; availability — improvement. 

(2) Climate: less protection in South. 

(c) Resources. 

(1) Agricultural: productions — available for sub- 
sistence, or home use; comparison in 
grains, cattle, swine, etc.; in means of 
preservation. 

(2) Commerce and transportation: foreign — 

blockade of South; domestic — development 
of river navigation, railroads and canals in 
each section; early loss to south of Miss, 
river. 

(3) Manufactures : equipment in machinery, in 

skilled labor, in free capital; importation — 
blockade, payment. 

(d) Advantages of Position. 

(1) South: on the defensive, shorter lines of com- 
munication, friendly population — informa- 
tion. 

(2) North : control of sea — supplies ; market for 
produce; crushing a revolutionary move- 
ment. 



136 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



Questions: (i) Summarize the advantages of the South in a 
Civil War. (2) Outline those of the North. (3) Which pre- 
ponderated — and why? (4) Was the disparity any greater than 
necessary? (5) What changes between 1850 and i860 worked to 
the advantage of the North ? (6) To which one of these changes 
did the South fail to give due weight? (7) Which one of the 
two sections could adapt itself to changed conditions most 
readily?. (8) What two or three elements finally proved to be 
dominant ? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XIX, 1-16, XX, 
1-18; Elson, Hist. U. S., 621-623, 643-644, 647-649; Compte de 
Paris, Hist, of Civil War, I, 76-106, 172-195, 197-217, 292-315; 
Ropes, Story of Civil War, I, 98-120 ; Scharf, Hist, of Confed- 
erate Navy, 15-52; Cox, Military Reminiscences of Civil War, I, 
1-20, 165-191; Schwab, The Confederate States of Am., 1-18, 
267-283, and table of contents; Greeley, Am. Conflict, I, 497-515; 
Draper, Civil War, II, 94-107, 131-148, 160-173, III, 635-656; 
Davis, A Short Hist, of Confederate States, 72-78, 1 13-125; Rise 
and Fall of Confederate Gov't, I, 301-318, 471-519; Curry, Civil 
Gov't of Confederacy, 142-168; Brown, Lower South, 155-187; 
Capes, Life of Munninger, 310-340; Coman, Industrial Hist., 
246-254; Callender, Economic Hist, of U. S., 752-818; Wright, 
Industrial Evolution of U. S., 143-158; Bogart, Economic Hist, 
of U. S., 251-264; North Am. Review, vol. 92, 1-15. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 433-451; Hart, Contempo- 
raries, IV, 314-323; Census Report, i860; Kettell, Southern 
Wealth and Northern Profits; De Bow, Resources of the South- 
west, Table of Contents; Olmstead, Cotton Kingdom; Helper, 
Impending Crisis. 

(10) The Secession Movement, 1860-1861. 

(a) Theory on Which Action Taken. 

(1) Nature of the Union: sovereign States; a 

constitutional right, a legal right; an his- 
torical growth. 

(2) Strength: in the South; few supporters in 

North. 

(b) Action Under the Doctrine. 

(1) South Carolina: immediate occasion — Lin- 

coln's election ; steps in development — call 
of convention, its assembly, ordinance, 
Dec. 20, i860; terms; statement of justify- 
ing reasons — discussion ; addresses — subject 
matter; legislative measures; resignation 
of federal officers; raising flag — independ- 
ence. 

(2) Movement in Gulf or cotton States: possi- 

bility of retention in Union — dependent on 
compromises; statement Davis and Toombs; 
conventions — debates ; secession — Miss., Jan. 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 137 



9; Fl., Jan. 10; Ala., Jan. 11; Ga., Jan. 
19 ; La., Jan. 25 ; Tex,, Feb. 1 ; Union or 
cooperative sentiment; convention action 
final; formation of Confederate govern- 
ment, Feb. 4-9. 
(3) Third wave in secession: following Ft. Sum- 
ter and call for volunteers: Va., Apr. 17; 
Ark., May 6; N. C, May 21; Tenn., June 
24; earlier rejection — reasons for change; 
submission to vote people. 

(c) The Border States. 

(1) Lincoln's Border State policy: neutrality, 
Union. 

(d) Attitude of the North. 

(1) Early: disbelief in possibility of secession; ex- 

ceptions. 

(2) Beginning of action : "Let Erring Sisters go 

in Peace," not universal. 

(3) Final : nearly unanimous for coercion. 

(e) Personnel: Rhett, B. F. Wade, M. Blair, F. P. 

Blair. 

Questions: (1) How long had the secession movement been 
an active one? (2) How large a proportion of the people seem 
to have fully realized the danger of secession at the time? 

(3) On what theory of the constitution was secession based? 

(4) On what ground did many in the North even admit the right 
of the South to go out of the Union? (5) How many waves of 
secession? (6) Could any measure have retained South Caro- 
lina after Lincoln's election? (7) Is there a fair probability that 
secession might have been stopped at that point by compromise? 

(8) Who seemingly made the necessary compromise impossible? 

(9) Ought the Republicans to have yielded as much as was nec- 
essary to prevent Civil War? (10) How were the Border States 
saved to the Union? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat., XIX, 136-165, 184- 
204, 278-288; Schouler, V, 469-512; Rhodes, III, 115-393; Von 
Hoist, VII, 249-392; Burgess, Civil War, I, 74-166; Sparks, U. 
S., II, 237-258; Andrews, U. S., II, 305-341 ; Elson, U. S., 624- 
646; Elson, Sidelights, II, 26-48; G. C. Lee, True Civil War, 156- 
184; Thorpe, Const. Hist. U. S., II, 561-631; Johnston, Am. Pol. 
Hist, II, 280-363; Willoughby, Am. Const. System, 61-99; Macy r 
Pol. Parties, 301-317; Curtis, Rep. Party, I, 366-386; Young, Am. 
Statesman, 1077-1141; Cooper, Am. Politics, part 1, pp. 87-119; 
Cluskey, Moore, Am. Congress, 375-383; Snider, Am. Ten Years 
War, 330-434; Nicolay and Hay's Lincoln, II, 296-328, 372-399- 
428-438; Morse's Lincoln, I, 180-272; Nicolay's Lincoln, 175- 
190; TarbelPs Lincoln; Lothrop's Seward, 203-253; Bancroft's 
Seward, II; Seward's Seward, II, 477-549; Johnson's Douglas, 
442-489; Gardner's Douglas, 226-239; Carr's Douglas, 114-143, 
252-275; McLaughlin's Cass, 340-366; Foulke's Morton, I, 85- 



138 



OUTLINES OF HISTORY 



100; Storey's Sumner, 178-196; McCalPs Stevens, 1 15-130; Ad- 
ams's C. F. Adams, 1 17-146; Hamlin's Hamlin, 376-405; Garri- 
son's Garrison, IV, 1-39; Curtis's Buchanan, II, 330-573; John- 
son and Browne's _ Stephens, 374-387; Cleveland's Stephens, 149- 
169; Dodd's Davis, 189-225; Stovall's Toombs, 209-221; Du 
Bose's Yancey, 543-571 ; Capers's Memmienger, 283-331. 

Source: Caldwell, Survey, 174-179; Hart, Contemporaries, 
IV, 164-192 ; Harding, Orations, 362-391 ; Peabody, Am. Patriot- 
ism, 507-515; Johnston, Am. Orations, IV, 16-81; MacDonald, 
Doc. Source Book, 423-433 ; MacDonald, Select Documents, 441- 
442, 446-455; Ames, State Documents, 310-320; Am. Hist. Leaf- 
lets, I, No. 12 and II, No. 17; Cluskey, Pol. Text Book, 554; Mc- 
Pherson, Pol. Hist. Rebellion, 2-1 15; Moore's Rebellion Record, 
I, "introduction," "diary," pp. 1-227 of "documents." and parts of 
"poetry and incidents;" Davis, Confederacy, I, 57-85, 86-198, 199- 
246; Stephens, War Between the States, II, 278-424, 710-745; 
Pollard, Lost Cause, 82-133; Smith, Pol. Hist. Slavery, I. 304- 
350; Greeley, Am. Conflict, I, 328-350, 407-427, 473-496; Blaine, 
20 Years Congress, I, 242-257, 292-312; Giddings, Rebellion, 448- 
466; Wilson, Slave Power, III, 1-21, 43-59, 109-219; Lunt, Ori- 
gin of the War, 380-463; Botts, Rebellion, 181-222; Foote's Re- 
bellion, 295-334; Greeley, Recollections, 394-399; Mrs. Davis's 
Davis, II, 1-47; Wise, Seven Decades, 255-282; Weed, Auto- 
biography, 615-619; Sumner, Works of Sumner, V, 433-483; 
Baker, Works of Seward, IV, 645-678, 692; Moore, Works of 
Buchanan, XI, 1-209; Nicolay and Hay, Works of Lincoln, I, 
655-695, II, 1-66; Richardson, Messages, V, 626-672, VI, 5-44; 
Richardson, Messages of Confederacy, I, 29-116; Atlantic 
Monthly, vols. 6 and 7; Harpers Magazine, vols. 21 and 22; 
Harpers Weekly, vols, 4 and 5. 

(10) Compromise Plans, 1860-1861. 

(a) Spirit of Compromise. 

(1) Early: no feeling of necessity; radicals — North 

and South against; moderates, approve. 

(2) Growth: development during winter; by Jan. 

1861, perhaps majority of people for. 

(b) Proposals and Movements. 

(1) In Senate: Dec. 6, motion for committee of 13; 

membership — Davis, Toombs, Southern rad- 
icals; Crittenden, Hunter, Powell, border 
State compromisers ; Douglas, Bigler, Rice, 
Northern Democrats ; Seward, Wade, 
Grimes, Doolittle, Collamer, Republicans ; 
the Crittenden proposals — terms, discussion, 
rejection; responsibility for rejection — wis- 
dom ; proposition for submission to vote of 
people — feasibility, justice. 

(2) In House: committee of 33; propositions, 

terms, discussion, adoption, fate. 



STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY, 1850-1861 139 



(3) By Republicans — Seward, Lincoln; three prop- 

ositions, terms, acceptance first. 

(4) The Peace Convention, Feb. 4-28, 1861; John 

Tyler, President ; States present, absent ; 
propositions, debates, action, failure. 

(5) The Thirteenth Amendment, 1861 ; adoption by 

Congress, signature of Lincoln, fate. 

(c) Results: 

(1) On North: assistance in unification of senti- 

ment. 

(2) On war — none. 

(d) Personnel: J. J. Crittenden, Grimes, A. Johnson. 
Questions: (1) From what section did most of the compromise 

proposals come? (2) Did the North at first feel the need of com- 
promise? (3) Had compromise been submitted to a popular vote 
in Feb. 1861, what probability of its carrying? (4) Where would 
such a vote have been weakest? (5) What terms embraced in the 
Crittenden plan? (6) How far were Lincoln and the Republicans 
ready to go? (7) How many attempts at compromise were made? 
(8) What amendment was finally proposed? (9) Compare it with 
the existing amendment. (10) In the light of the present can you 
outline any scheme that would have avoided war? 

General References, Secondary: Am. Nat. S., XIX, 166-184, 265- 
289; Schouler, V, 493-497, 504-507; Rhodes, III, 145-182; 254-272, 
281-291, 305-320; Burgess, Civil War and Constitution, I, 96-104, 
108-116; Von Hoist, VII, 356-359, 377s8o, 393-460; Elson, 635-638; 
Young, Am. Statesman, 1066-1077, 1079-1100, 1111-1114, 1116- 
1125; Johnston, Am. Pol. Hist, II, 366-369; Moore, Am. Cong., 
378-381; Macy, Pol. Parties, 311-317; Curtis, Republican Party, I, 
368-384; Thorpe, Const. Hist, II, 617-631; Lee, True Hist, of 
Civil War, 171-175; Smith, Pol. Hist, of Slavery, I, 328-351; Nic- 
olay and Hay, Lincoln, II, 400-428; III, 214-234; Morse, Lincoln, 
188-229 ; Coleman, 224-250, and Index ; Storey, Sumner, 178-197 ; 
Dawes, Sumner, 148-154; Garrison, Garrison, IV, 1-30; Hamlin, 
Hamlin, 380-391; Curtis, Buchanan, II, 418-447; Lothrop, Seward, 
215-226, 237-254; Blaine, Twenty Years, 258-279; Schuckers, Chase, 
203-207; Hart, Chase, 200-210; Stovall, Toombs, 205-209; Wise, 
Seven Decades, 271-278; Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 
II, 580-583, 593-618; Boutwell, Sixty Years in Public Affairs, I, 
268-284; Fessenden, Fessenden, I, 123-130; Greeley, Am. Conflict, 
I, 351-407; Cooper, Politics, 104-109. 

Source: Caldwell and Persinger, 454-455; Caldwell, Survey, 
180-183; MacDonald, Select Documents, 438-446; Ames, State 
Documents, 313-316; Harper's Weekly, 1860-61; Harper's Mag., 
XXII, 406, 547, 689-691; Atlantic Mo., VII, 235-247; Chittenden, 
Peace Convention, etc. ; McPherson, Pol. Hist, of Rebellion, 261- 
308, and Table of Contents ; Warden, Chase, 368-370, 37^-374, 377~ 
380; Cong. Record for 1860-1861. 



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